Nanodiamonds are novel nanosized carbon building blocks possessing varied fascinating mechanical, chemical, optical and biological properties, making them significant active moiety carriers for biomedical application. These are known as the most'captivating' crystals attributed to their chemical inertness and unique properties posing them useful for variety of applications in biomedical era. Alongside, it becomes increasingly important to find, ascertain and circumvent the negative aspects associated with nano-diamonds. Surface modification or functionalization with biological molecules plays a significant role in managing the toxic behavior since nanodiamonds have tailorable surface chemistry. To take advantage of nanodiamond potential in drug delivery, focus has to be laid on its purity, surface chemistry and other considerations which may directly or indirectly affect drug adsorption on nanodiamond and drug release in biological environment. This review emphasizes on the basic properties, synthesis techniques, surface modification techniques, toxicity issues and biomedical applications of nanodiamonds. For the devel-opment of nanodiamonds as an effective dosage form, researchers are still engaged in the in-depth study of nanodiamonds and their effect on life interfaces.

Background/Aims: Diagnostic abdominal paracentesis has been described in literature to have variable sensitivity of 50%–75% for the detection of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). We believe that random needle aspirates from the omentum, even in the absence of obvious deposits by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), could prove malignancy in patients with PC. Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent EUS for diagnosis and staging of cancer and found to have ascites were included after obtaining informed consent. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) from random sites in the omentum was performed through the transgastric route using a linear echoendoscope. Results: Fifty-four patients underwent EUS during October 2015 to April 2017 for detection, staging, or FNA of a suspected malignant lesion. Ascites was seen in 17 patients and 15 patients who fulfilled the criteria were included. The procedure was successful in all patients. Cytology was suggestive of malignancy in 12 (80%) but not suggestive of malignancy in 3 (20%) patients. Three patients who tested negative had hyperbilirubinemia with biliary obstruction. Their ascitic fluid analysis result was also negative. Conclusions Random FNA of the omentum in patients with malignancy-related ascites is highly effective in the diagnosis of PC and could be employed during EUS evaluation of malignancies.

Introduction: Ageing is a natural and irreversible process, associated with deterioration of physiological, social and cognitive activities. The nutritional status of the elderly is adversely affected by declining cognitive and functional ability. The association of nutritional status with diet quality, functional and cognitive ability and depression among the elderly is not well understood. This study aimed to compute the association of nutritional status with diet quality, functional and cognitive ability and depression among the elderly. Method: A cross-sectional study was undertaken on 250 elderly (146 men, 104 women) of ≥65 years, residing in Tonk district of Rajasthan (India). Self-developed elderly dietary index (EDI) was used to evaluate diet quality and standardized tools, viz., geriatric depression scale (GDS), activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), mini nutritional assessment (MNA), and short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ) were used to assess depression, functional status, nutritional status and cognition respectively. Results: Two-thirds of the elderly in this study were at risk of malnutrition (66.67%, n= 167). MNA scores had significant association with Indian EDI (χ2 = 47.50, p=0.000), ADL (χ2 = 32.37, p= 0.000) and SPMSQ (χ2 =18.61, p= 0.001), whereas MNA scores had non significant association with IADL (χ2 = 14.30, p= 0.006) and GDS scores (χ2 = 5.44, p= 0.066). IADL scores were found to be significantly correlated with GDS (r= -0.255) and SPMSQ (r= -0238) Conclusion: Present study shows that the nutritional status of the elderly is associated with diet quality, functional and cognitive ability, but is not associated with depression in the elderly of Tonk.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.

The complex architecture of the papillary muscles (PMs) of the ventricles plays a crucial role in cardiac function and pathology. This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in PMs morphology between the right and left ventricles, focusing on their number, location, and shape. A total of 38 grossly normal hearts from donated bodies were dissected, and the number, location, and shape of PMs in both ventricles were observed. In this study, the left ventricle predominantly exhibited a single PM with 71.05% on the sternocostal surface and 57.89% on the diaphragmatic surface.The right ventricle showed a higher prevalence of single PM, at 89.47% on the sternocostal surface and 63.16% on the diaphragmatic surface. Broad-based shape of the PM emerged as the predominant variant, constituting 55.26% and 44.73% on the sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces of the left ventricle, respectively. In contrast, conical-shaped PM predominated in the right ventricle. Unique findings included “H” and “b” shaped muscles, conjoint PMs were observed exclusively in the left ventricle, and small papillary projections with direct tendinous cord attachment in the right ventricle. A distinct webbed shaped configuration of PM was exclusively observed in the right ventricle in only one specimen. No significant difference (P=0.84) was noted in muscle bellies between ventricular surfaces. This study emphasizes the complexity and variability in PM morphology, highlighting the importance of a thorough understanding of these structures for cardiothoracic surgeons, radiologists, and cardiologists to enhance interventional techniques.