This investigation evaluated the fracture toughness (KIC) of eight currently available core materials, and relate the fracture toughness value to fractography analysis and surface characteristics using a atomic force microscope (AFM). Single-edge notched (SEN) test specimens (n=10) and compact tension (CT) test specimens (n=10) were prepared conforming to the ASTM Standard E-399 for a high copper amalgam, three composite core materials (Core-Max II, Core Paste, Bisfil Core), two reinforced composite core materials (Ti-Core, Ti-Core Natural), a resin-modified glass ionomer core material (Vitremer), and a conventional glass ionomer core material (Ketac-Molar). The specimens were tested with an Instron Universal Testing Machine. The maximum loads were measured to calculate the fracture toughness (KIC). Thereafter, fracture surfaces of SEN specimens of each material were investigated for fractography analysis using scanning electron microscope. And, disc-shaped specimens with 1mm thickness were fabricated for each material and were investigated under AFM for surface morphology analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Bisfil Core showed the highest mean fracture toughness regardless of test methods. 2. For the tooth-colored materials, Ti-Core Natural exhibited the highest fracture toughness. 3. Ketac Molar showed a significantly low fracture toughness when compared with the amalgam and the composite resin core materials (p<0.05). 4. The fracture toughness values obtained with the single-edge notched test, except Ketac Molar, were higher than those obtained in the compact tension test. 5. SEM revealed that the fracture surface of high fracture toughness material was rougher than that of low fracture toughness material. 6. AFM revealed that the surface particles of the composite resins were smaller in size, with a lower surface roughness than the glass ionomer core materials.
Composite Resins ; Copper ; Glass ; Molar

Using a monoclonal antibody OKT 6, we nvestigated Langerhans cells by indirect immunoperoxidase technique in 60 skin specimens of fetuses from 3 months of gestation period to 10 months and 21 skin specimens of adults for the study of their development and the comparison of their density in fetus with adult. The results were as follows: 1. Langerhans cell population density of fetus was 52/mm in 4 months of gestation period, l07/mm in 5 months,136/mm in 6 months, l97/mm in 7 months, 235/mm in 8 months, and 311/mm in 10 months and there was a tendency to increase from 4 months to 1Q months. The earliest fetal skin specimen showing OKTg(+) Langerhans cell was that of 13 weeks and 2 days of gestation period. 3. Langerhans cell population density of back skin in fetus was 12.6% in 5 months, 16.0%, in 6 months, 20.8% in 7 months, 26.4% in 8 months and 36, 2% in 10 months of 900/mm in adult back skin. 4, Langerhans cell population density in adult was 432/mm in the skin of shin, 363/mm in prepuce, and 90Q/mm in back skin and there was statistically significant in difference between prepuce and back skin(p<0.00l).
Adult ; Fetus* ; Humans ; Immunoenzyme Techniques ; Langerhans Cells* ; Population Density ; Pregnancy ; Skin

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Implant abutment screw joints tend to loosen under clinical conditions. Abutment screw loosening results in loss of preload in function. PURPOSE: Anti-rotational inner post screw (ARIPS) systems were compared with conventional abutment screws to reduce screw loosening. Reverse torque values were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 32 implant assemblies (Warentec, Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea) were organized as the 30-Ncm-torque conventional groups and 30-Ncm-torque ARIPS groups in external and internal system. The specimens were tested to 10(6) cycles at a load of 200N. Preload reverse torque, postload reverse torque, and the ratio of postload reverse torque to preload reverse torque were evaluated. The data were analyzed with unpaired t-test in external and internal systems. RESULTS: In the ratio of postload reverse torque to preload reverse torque, the ARIPS groups showed significant differences than the conventional screw group in both external and internal system. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, abutment screw loosening was effectively reduced using ARIPS system.
Dental Implants ; Joints ; Seoul ; Torque

Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (Gougerot and Carteaud) is a rare but clinically distinct dermatosis of which the etiology is unknown. We report 2 cases. One case is a 16-year-old boy who had a hyperpigmented reticulated eruption on the trunk and both arms and the other case is a 33-year-old man who had a similar eruption on the chest and back. The former, with previous treatment with oral and topical antifungal agent in another clinic didn't show any improvement and the latter case, with initial treatment of itraconazole did not improve his skin lesion. The rashes of two patients virtually disappeared with administration of minocycline. These observations indicate that the role of microorganisms sensitive to minocycline or anti- proliferative effect of minocycline could be presumed.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Arm ; Exanthema ; Humans ; Itraconazole ; Male ; Minocycline* ; Papilloma* ; Skin ; Skin Diseases ; Thorax

Kawasaki disease or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome is an acute inflammatory illness of childhood characterized by systemic panvasculitis. It presents with high fever, dramatic changes of the skin and mucous membranes, and lymphadenopathy. Adult-onset Kawasaki disease is rare and reports on coronary involvement in adult are even rarer. Herein, we report a case of adult-onset Kawasaki disease complicated by splenic infarction and development of coronary aneurysm even despite of treatment with intravenous gamma globulin. A 20-year-old man presented with fever, erytheatous rash, induration and desquamation of hands and feet, pulmonary edema and shock due to cardiomyopathy, splenic infarction, bilateral conjunctivitis, jaundice, and cervical lymphadenopathy. After Kawasaki disease was suspected, intravenous gamma globulin (2 g/kg once) and aspirin (6 g/day) were administered. On the 30th hospital day, transesophageal echocardiography showed one coronary aneurysm and coronary angiography showed three aneurysms. Eight months after the first admission, follow-up coronary angiography showed normalization of the previous coronary abnormalities.
Adult ; Aneurysm ; Aspirin ; Cardiomyopathies ; Conjunctivitis ; Coronary Aneurysm* ; Coronary Angiography ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; gamma-Globulins ; Hand ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; Mucous Membrane ; Pulmonary Edema ; Shock ; Skin ; Splenic Infarction* ; Young Adult

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the adequacy of current nurse staffing levels by identifying nursing activities and workload. Methods: The study used a mixed-method design. A nursing activity survey was conducted using the work sampling method over 2 working days with 119 general ward nurses. A focus group interview was conducted with 12 nurses. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and content analysis, respectively. Results: The most amount of time was spent on medication (in direct nursing) and electronic medical record documentation (in indirect nursing). The appropriate nurse-to-patient ratio is 1:7.7 for the day shift, 1:9.0 for the evening shift, and 1:11.9 for the night shift. However, the current nurse-to-patient ratio is 1:9.4, 1:11.0, and 1:13.8 for the day, evening, and night shifts, respectively. Therefore, the current nurse staffing level is insufficient for the workload. In the focus group interview, the main reasons cited for being unable to complete tasks within working hours were communication and coordination, and the nursing electronic medical record. The essential nursing activities of basic nursing and emotional support were overlooked owing to a heavy workload. Therefore, an adequate nurse staffing level should be higher than the measured quantitative workload. Conclusion These results suggest the general wards of tertiary hospitals should evaluate the adequacy of their current nurse staffing and allocate sufficient nurses to improve patient safety and nursing care quality.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate shame-related adjectives in the Korean language and to explore the factor structure of these adjectives. METHODS: Shame-related words were extracted from an adjectives checklist, the Korean Dictionary, the Korean Synonym Dictionary, and various shame scales developed by Western investigators. A questionnaire (the Korean Shame Scale: KSS) was constructed from 62 selected adjectives, and administered to 210 college students and 204 adults. The subjects also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Revised Cheek & Buss Shyness Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. RESULTS: A principal component analysis of the KSS data revealed a four factor structure: mortification, modesty, shyness, and embarrassment. All except the modesty factor showed significant correlations with depression, fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, and shyness. The college student group reported experiencing a shame-related distressful emotion more frequently than the adult group. CONCLUSION: Shame was found to be a complex psychological construct composed of quite different emotions. These emotions not only included painful feelings and uncomfortable self-consciousness, but were also related to personality traits and interpersonal attitudes.
Adult ; Checklist ; Cheek ; Depression ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Personnel ; Shame ; Shyness ; Social Desirability ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate shame-related adjectives in the Korean language and to explore the factor structure of these adjectives. METHODS: Shame-related words were extracted from an adjectives checklist, the Korean Dictionary, the Korean Synonym Dictionary, and various shame scales developed by Western investigators. A questionnaire (the Korean Shame Scale: KSS) was constructed from 62 selected adjectives, and administered to 210 college students and 204 adults. The subjects also completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Brief-Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, the Revised Cheek & Buss Shyness Scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. RESULTS: A principal component analysis of the KSS data revealed a four factor structure: mortification, modesty, shyness, and embarrassment. All except the modesty factor showed significant correlations with depression, fear of negative evaluation, social avoidance and distress, and shyness. The college student group reported experiencing a shame-related distressful emotion more frequently than the adult group. CONCLUSION: Shame was found to be a complex psychological construct composed of quite different emotions. These emotions not only included painful feelings and uncomfortable self-consciousness, but were also related to personality traits and interpersonal attitudes.
Adult ; Checklist ; Cheek ; Depression ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Personnel ; Shame ; Shyness ; Social Desirability ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.

Reconstruction of large bone defect poses a great challenge to an orthopedic surgeon. Recent advancement in stem cell research ushered the treatment of bone defect with tissue-engineered bone into near-possibility. While adipose stem cells (ASCs) are the most available cell sources for tissue regeneration, their low osteogenic potential is a disadvantage. Several strategies have been developed to enhance the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. In this review, we summarized literatures and our experience on the technology to promote osteogenesis from ASCs.
Adipose Tissue ; Bone Regeneration ; Durapatite ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; Orthopedics ; Osteogenesis ; Regeneration ; Stem Cell Research ; Stem Cells