PURPOSE: This study examines the effects of a rehabilitation program on quality of life (QoL), cardiopulmonary function, and fatigue in breast cancer patients. The program included aerobic exercises as well as stretching and strengthening exercises. METHODS: Breast cancer patients (n=62) who had completed chemotherapy were randomly assigned to an early exercise group (EEG; n=32) or a delayed exercise group (DEG; n=30). The EEG underwent 4 weeks of a multimodal rehabilitation program for 80 min/day, 5 times/wk for 4 weeks. The DEG completed the same program during the next 4 weeks. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), EORTC Breast Cancer-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-BR23), predicted maximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO2max), and fatigue severity scale (FSS) were used for assessment at baseline, and at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, statistically significant differences were apparent in global health, physical, role, and emotional functions, and cancer-related symptoms such as fatigue and pain, nausea, and dyspnea on the EORTC QLQ-C30; cancer-related symptoms involving the arm and breast on the EORTC QLQ-BR23; the predicted VO2max; muscular strength; and FSS (p<0.050), according to time, between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that a supervised multimodal rehabilitation program may improve the physical symptoms, QoL, and fatigue in patients with breast cancer.
Arm ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Drug Therapy ; Dyspnea ; Electroencephalography ; Exercise ; Fatigue* ; Humans ; Nausea ; Oxygen Consumption ; Quality of Life* ; Rehabilitation* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: Albuminuria has emerged as a biomarker for several medical conditions, and vitamin D has received attention due to its associations with various disorders. We evaluated the association between low serum vitamin D levels and prevalent albuminuria by sex in the Korean general population. METHODS: We analyzed 9823 participants (4401 males, 5422 females) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012 (KNHANES V-2), and categorized them as having a normal range of vitamin D levels, vitamin D insufficiency, or vitamin D deficiency. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to compare the risk of albuminuria across these groups. Stratified analyses were conducted by smoking status, obesity, and renal function. RESULTS: Albuminuria was found in 325 of the 4401 male participants (7.4%) and in 455 of the 5422 female participants (8.4%). Among the males, vitamin D deficiency was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for albuminuria of 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 2.97, p < 0.05). However, such an association was not found in females. The association was stronger in male current smokers (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.47 to 8.50; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that sex differences exist in the association between serum vitamin D deficiency and albuminuria. Additionally, we observed that the association was stronger in current smokers than in the overall male population, but was not seen in non-smokers. Therefore, different approaches by sex and smoking status might be needed when considering using vitamin D as a biomarker for renal function.
Albuminuria* ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Reference Values ; Sex Characteristics ; Sex Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamin D Deficiency* ; Vitamin D* ; Vitamins*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of rehabilitation therapy on functional recovery in chronic stroke patients. METHOD: Brunnstrom stage for neurologic recovery, modified Barthel index (MBI) for functional recovery, and possi bility of gait were assessed in 66 chronic stroke patients. MBI and possibility of gait were compared the patients who received rehabilitation therapy (Rehab patients) with the patients who did not receive rehabilitation therapy (non- Rehab patients) in each Brunnsrom stage. RESULTS: In Brunnstrom stage III, 13 of 15 Rehab patients could walk 10 m or more, but none of 7 non-Rehab patients could walk independently, and this difference was statistically significant. MBI score was also significantly higher in Rehab patients than non-Rehab patients (71.3 vs 18.9, p=0.000) in Brunnstrom stage III. In Brunnstrom stage IV, V, VI, MBI score and possibility of gait were higher in Rehab patients than non-Rehab patients, but not significant. CONCLUSION: We can confirm the effect of rehabilitation therapy on functional recovery, and this effect seems to be more decisive in neurologically low recovery status patients.
Gait ; Humans ; Rehabilitation* ; Stroke*

Cancer is a disease which has the huge burden in worldwide, and cancer is the number one cause of death in Korea. At this point, the new framework for cancer monitoring index is required for regional cancer monitoring. Especially, cancer survivors are the important target which is rapidly increasing recently, also cancer survivor’s quality of care should be considered in the cancer monitoring index framework. To develop the Multidimensional Cancer Monitoring Index considering cancer survivor’s quality of care, we took into account cancer continuum which including prevention, detection, diagnosis, treatment, survivorship, assessment of quality of care and monitoring cancer patient, and end-of life care for stage. For target, components of health care delivery system such as patient, family, provider, payer, and policy maker are included. Also, Donabedian model which is a framework for examining health services and evaluating quality of health care such as structure, process, and outcome is applied to contents. This new cancer monitoring framework which includes multidimensional components could help to develop regional cancer monitoring index, and to make national cancer management and prevention policy in the future.

Recently, rearranged during transfection (RET) fusions have been identified in approximately 1% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To know the prevalence of RET fusion genes in Korean NSCLCs, we examined the RET fusion genes in 156 surgically resected NSCLCs using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Two KIF5B-RET fusions and one CCDC6-RET fusion were identified. All three patients were females and never smokers with adenocarcinomas. RET fusion genes were mutually exclusive from EGFR, KRAS mutations and EML4-ALK fusion. RET fusion genes occur 1.9% (3 of 156) of surgically treated NSCLC patients in Koreans.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/epidemiology/*genetics/surgery ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Kinesin/genetics ; Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/*genetics ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA

Telomerase play a key role in the maintenance of telomere length and chromosome integrity. We have evaluated the association between telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer in peripheral blood. Telomerase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by a PCR-designed telomeric repeat amplification protocol in 63 lung cancer patients and 190 healthy controls that were matched for age, gender, and smoking status. Telomerase activity was significantly lower in the lung cancer patients than in controls (mean +/- standard deviation; 1.32 +/- 1.65 vs 2.60 +/- 3.09, P < 1 x 10(-4)). When telomerase activity was categorized into quartiles based on telomerase activity in the controls, the risk of lung cancer increased as telomerase activity reduced (Ptrend = 1 x 10(-4)). Moreover, when the subjects were categorized based on the median value of telomerase activity, subjects with low telomerase activity were at a significantly increased risk of lung cancer compared to subjects with high telomerase activity (adjusted odds ratio = 3.05, 95% confidence interval = 1.60-5.82, P = 7 x 10-4). These findings suggest that telomerase activity may affect telomere maintenance, thereby contributing to susceptibility to lung cancer.
Age Factors ; Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology/immunology ; Lung Neoplasms/*enzymology/*etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Smoking ; Telomerase/*blood

PURPOSE: Nowadays, chromosomal regions containing genes associated with the risk of lung cancer are identified by a number of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). As part of the study, GWAS has identified the association of six chromosomal regions, 1q23, 4q22, 4q31, 5p15, 6p21, and 15q25, as being associated with lung cancer risk in the European population. We investigated the impact of genetic variants identified in GWASs for lung cancer susceptibility on the survival outcomes in patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred and sixty-three patients with surgically resected NSCLC were enrolled. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs2808630 on 1q23, rs7671167 on 4q22, rs1489759 and rs2202507 on 4q31, rs2736100 and rs402710 on 5p15, rs1052486 on 6p21 and rs16969968 on 15q25, were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. The associations between genotypes and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed. RESULTS: None of the eight SNPs were significantly associated with OS or DFS. In addition, when the patients were categorized according to age, gender, smoking status, tumor histology and pathologic stage, there were no significant associations between the eight SNPs and the survival outcomes. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the genetic variants identified by GWASs for lung cancer susceptibility may not affect the prognosis of early stage NSCLC.
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; Disease Susceptibility ; Disease-Free Survival ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prognosis ; Smoke ; Smoking

BACKGROUND: DNA repair plays a crucial role in protection from cancer-causing agents. Therefore, a reduced DNA repair capacity can increase the susceptibility to lung cancer. The XPC gene contains 15 exons and encodes a 940 amino acid protein that plays a central role in DNA damage recognition of the nucleotide excision repair pathway, which is a major DNA repair mechanism removing the bulky-helix distorting DNA lesions caused by smoking. Recently several polymorphisms in the XPC gene were identified. In addition, it is possible that these polymorphisms may affect the DNA repair capacity, which modulate cancer susceptibility. The relationship between codon 499 and 939 polymorphisms, and a poly(AT) insertion/deletion polymorphism in the XPC gene, and the lung cancer risk were investigated. METHOD: The genotypes were determined using either PCR or PCR-RFLP analysis in 219 male lung cancer patients and 150 healthy males controls. RESULTS: The frequencies of the genotypes (Val499Ala, PAT and Lys939Gln) among the cases were not significantly different from those of the controls. There was no significant associantion between these polymorphism and the lung cancer risk when the analyses were stratified according to age, smoking status and the pack-years of smoking. Moreover, the genotypes had no apparent relationship with any of the histological types of lung cancer. There was a linkage disequilibrium among the Val499Ala, PAT and Lys939Gln polymorphisms. The PAT polymorphism had a strong linkage disequilibrium with the Lys939Gln polymorphism (kappa value=0.87). The XPC haplotypes showed no significant association with the lung cancer risk. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that XPC Val499Ala, PAT and Lys939Gln polymorphisms are not major contributors to the individual lung cancer susceptibility in Koreans.
Male ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms

BACKGROUND: DNA repair plays a crucial role in protecting the genome from cancer-causing agents. Therefore, a reduced DNA repair capacity can increase the susceptibility to cancer. The human OGG1 (hOGG1) gene encod es DNA glycosylase/apurinic lyase and excise 8-hydroxyguanine, one of the major premutagenic DNA lesions, which is produced by oxygen radical forming agents including smoking. Recently several polymorphisms in the hOGG1 gene were identified, and it is possible that these polymorphisms may affect the DNA repair capacity and thus modulate cancer susceptibility. The relationship between the codon 326 polymorphism (Ser to Cys) in the hOGG1 gene and lung cancer risk was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The Ser326Cys genotypes were determined using PCR-RFLP analysis in 299 primary lung cancer patients and 186 healthy controls who were frequency (case:control=3:2) matched according to age and sex. RESULT: The frequencies of the Ser326Cys genotypes (Ser/Ser, Ser/Cys and Cys/Cys) among cases (23.4%, 51.8%, and 24.7%, respectively) were not significantly different from those among the controls (22.6%, 52.1% and 25.3%, respectively). When the analyses were stratified according to age, sex, smoking status and pack-years of smoking, no significant association between this polymorphism and lung cancer risk was found. Moreover, the Ser326Cys genotype showed no apparent relationship with any of the histological types of lung cancer. CONCLUSION: These result suggest that the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism is not a major contributor to individual lung cancer susceptibility in Koreans.
Codon ; DNA ; DNA Repair ; Genome ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms* ; Lung* ; Oxygen ; Smoke ; Smoking

A fusion gene between echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4) and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has been identified in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Although a few studies have evaluated EML4-ALK fusion genes in Korean NSCLCs, the prevalence of different EML4-ALK fusion variants has yet to be clearly assessed. Herein, we have examined the profiles of EML4-ALK fusion gene variants in Korean patients of NSCLCs. EML4-ALK fusion genes have been detected in 10 (6.0%) of 167 patients of NSCLCs and in 9 (7.4%) of 121 patients of adenocarcinoma. Of the 10 patients with fusion genes identified, 8 (80%) were E13;A20 (variant 1) and 2 (20%) were E6;A20, with an additional 33-bp sequence derived from intron 6 of EML4 (variant 3b). These results indicate that the profiles of EML4-ALK fusion gene variants in Korean patients of NSCLC may differ from those in other ethnic populations. Herein, we describe for the first time the profiles of EML4-ALK fusion variants of Korean patients with NSCLCs.
Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis/genetics ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Base Sequence ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis/*genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Humans ; Introns ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/chemistry/*genetics ; Republic of Korea ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Smoking