OBJECTIVES: We investigated the prevalence and functional impairment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and premenstrual syndrome(PMS) in young women. METHODS: A total of 1063 female college students were recruited from two urban areas(Seoul and Suwon) of Korea. Questionnaires for sociodemographic data and risk factors of PMDD, attitude about menstruation, and the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool(PSST) were applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of severe moderate to severe PMS and PMDD were 16.9% and 11.7%, respectively. There were differences in the alcohol and coffee consumption, severity of menstrual cramp, and family history of PMS among the moderate to severe PMS, PMDD, and no/mild PMS groups. Although some participants did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for PMDD, they showed significant functional impairment. Participants with negative attitude about menstruation reported premenstrual symptoms more frequently than those with positive or ambivalent attitude about menstruation. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that PMS and PMDD were prevalent and associated with functional impairment in young females. Some participants reported significant functional impairments although they did not meet the full DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PMDD. Negative attitude about menstruation was associated with more premenstrual symptoms experiences.
Coffee ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Menstruation ; Muscle Cramp ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scales and to evaluate the usefulness of heart rate variability (HRV) as a psychophysiological biomarker for ADHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were recruited from outpatients in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at the Korea University Medical Center from August 2007 to December 2010. Subjects received methylphenidate. Time- and frequency-domain analyses of HRV, the Korean ADHD rating scale (K-ARS), and computerized ADHD diagnostic system were evaluated before treatment. After a 12-week period of medication administration, we repeated the HRV measurements and K-ARS rating. RESULTS: Eighty-six subjects were initially enrolled and 37 participants completed the 12-week treatment and HRV measurements subsequent to the treatment. Significant correlations were found between the K-ARS inattention score and some HRV parameters. All of the HRV parameters, except the standard deviations of the normal-to-normal interval, very low frequency, and low frequency to high frequency, showed a significant positive correlation between baseline and endpoint measures in completers. High frequency (HF) and the square root of the mean squared differences of successive normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD), which are related to parasympathetic vagal tone, showed significant decreases from baseline to endpoint. CONCLUSION: The HRV test was shown to be reproducible. The decrease in HF and RMSSD suggests that parasympathetic dominance in ADHD can be altered by methylphenidate treatment. It also shows the possibility that HRV parameters can be used as psychophysiological markers in the treatment of ADHD.
Adolescent ; Attention/drug effects/*physiology ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology ; Biomarkers ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Female ; Heart Rate/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Methylphenidate/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Prospective Studies ; Republic of Korea ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of drinking patterns and the prevalence of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder with the assessment of alcohol policy needs in community population of urban city in Korea. METHODS: Data was collected from 1,000 residents in a single urban city in Korea, from June 1 to July 31, 2011 by a questionnaire. As research tools, socio-demographic characteristics composed of variables based on study purpose, alcohol problems and alcohol use disorder state scales composed with Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test(AUDIT) and Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener(CAGE), and the assessment of alcohol policy needs in community population questions were used. RESULTS: The lifetime experience of alcohol drinking was 97.4%. For the frequency of drinking, 21.9% of population responded 2 to 4 times per weekly. 24.4% of male had one time or more high risk drinking, defined as having four or more drinks in a sitting, per week. 51.6% experienced the first time drinking of alcohol in adolescence. The lifetime prevalence of hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorder were 14.9% and 3.3%, respectively using AUDIT. Alcohol use disorder were 9.6% with the CAGE scale. Problem drinking were 8.4% in this study. They requested the program such as prevention education(57.2%), construction of liaison system to treatment facilities( 50.1%), alcohol counseling and intervention(41.7%), and rehabilitation program(39.8%). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that alcohol problem and alcohol use disorder were much prevalent, and these problem started in the earlier age. It is necessary to develop an effective alcohol prevention program or policy with considering the needs in community population.
Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking ; Counseling ; Drinking ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to investigate the usability of IVA + Plus (Continuous Performance Test) and NeuroGuide [Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) normative database] as an auxiliary diagnostic tools for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: The scores of IVA + Plus and resting EEG were obtained from 34 elementary school-aged children. Also, the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children version IV (DISC-IV) was done for the parent of them. From the result of the DISC-IV, we divided them into three groups, ADHD Not Otherwise Specified (NOS), and Normal Control (NC). Using NeuroGuide, the z-scores of relative power for delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and beta (12-25 Hz) were calculated. Then the correlation and variance analysis were done to investigate the differences between three groups. RESULTS: The scores of IVA + Plus were negatively correlated with the K-ARS. IVA + Plus have successfully discriminated the ADHD from NC and NOS. The z-scores of relative power of delta and theta were positively correlated with the K-ARS. The z-scores of relative power of alpha and beta were negatively correlated with the K-ARS. CONCLUSIONS: The IVA + Plus and NeuroGuide QEEG test are expected to be used as the valuable tools for diagnosing ADHD accurately.
Appointments and Schedules ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Parents

BACKGROUND: A pneumatic tourniquet is commonly used in orthopedic surgery. However, neuromuscular blocking agent can be sequestered in the isolated limb and be reabsorbed into the systemic circulation after tourniquet release, potentially delaying extubation. To investigate the change in the train-of-four (TOF) ratio after tourniquet release and correlate the TOF ratio change with the extubation time. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing unilateral total knee arthroplasty were enrolled. Before and after the pneumatic tourniquet release, 10 measurements of the TOF ratio were averaged and compared. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between the percentage change in the TOF ratio before and after tourniquet release and the extubation time. RESULTS: Among the 40 patient subjects, 30 showed a TOF ratio before tourniquet release and 10 showed only a TOF count. Of the 30 patients with a TOF ratio, 21 showed a TOF ratio increase after tourniquet release and 9 showed a TOF decrease; both increase and decrease were statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). The extubation time showed a weak negative correlation with the percentage change in the TOF ratio after tourniquet release (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In orthopedic surgery using a pneumatic tourniquet, neuromuscular function monitoring may be required to monitor the change in the effect of neuromuscular blocking agent before and after tourniquet release, which may help to improve anesthesia safety.
Anesthesia ; Arthroplasty* ; Extremities ; Humans ; Knee* ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ; Neuromuscular Monitoring ; Orthopedics ; Tourniquets*

OBJECTIVES: Dry eye disease (DED) is an increasingly important public health problem in Korea. Previous studies conducted in Korea have reported inconsistent results regarding the protective effects of vitamin D on DED, and these discrepancies may be related to the relatively simple questionnaire that has been used. Thus, we evaluated the association of serum vitamin D levels with DED using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI). METHODS: The present study evaluated data from participants in the Study Group for Environmental Eye Disease (2014-2015). This group included data from 752 participants, and data from 740 participants (253 men and 487 women) were analyzed in the present study. DED severity was evaluated using the OSDI. RESULTS: Higher serum vitamin D levels were associated with a non-significantly reduced risk of DED in the crude analysis (odds ratio [OR], 0.991; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.971 to 1.011) and in the adjusted analysis (OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.966 to 1.010). In the crude analysis of no/mild DED vs. moderate/severe DED, men exhibited a decreased risk with increasing serum vitamin D levels (OR, 0.999; 95% CI, 0.950 to 1.051), while women exhibited an increased risk (OR, 1.003; 95% CI, 0.979 to 1.027). In these analyses, we found no significant associations. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study support previous reports that serum vitamin D levels are not associated with DED.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2 ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; Eye Diseases* ; Female ; Humans ; Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca ; Korea ; Male ; Public Health ; Vitamin D* ; Vitamins*

OBJECTIVES: We developed a Korean version of the Brief Measure of Worry Severity(BMWS), and examined its reliability, validity, and factor structures. We also explored the associations of pathological worry with depression and anxiety. METHODS: Three hundreds fifty-two subjects including community population and college students completed the BMWS, and 27 subjects repeated the scale three weeks later. Reliability was assessed by Cronbach's coefficient alpha and test-retest correlation. The external validity was examined by the correlation of the BMWS score with the scores of Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Patient Health questionnaire-2(PHQ-2), State Anxiety Inventory(SAI), and Trait Anxiety Inventory(TAI). And principal component analysis was performed to evaluate the construct validity. The associations of pathological worry with depression and anxiety were explored using partial correlation analysis. RESULTS: Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the BMWS was 0.904 and test-retest correlation was 0.56(P<0.01). The Spearman correlation coefficients of the BMWS score with the scores of BDI, PHQ-2, SAI, and TAI were 0.60(P<0.01), 0.42(P<0.01), 0.36(P<0.01), and 0.59(P<0.01), respectively. The BMWS showed unifactorial construct. When controlling for TAI score, the correlation coefficient between the BMWS score and the BDI score was 0.357(P<0.01), and when controlling for BDI score the correlation coefficient between the BMWS score and the TAI score was 0.446(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The Korean version of the BMWS was found to be a reliable and valid questionnaire for measuring pathological worry. And we could identify the associations of the pathological worry with depression as well as anxiety.
Anxiety ; Depression ; Humans ; Principal Component Analysis ; Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of this study was to compare electronic monitoring with other measures of adherence to Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery System methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The secondary aim was to analyze the relationships between adherence and clinical factors, including ADHD symptoms. METHODS: Thirty-nine children diagnosed with ADHD were monitored for adherence to medication over the course of eight weeks. Medication adherence was assessed using the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS), which is a bottle cap with a microprocessor that records all instances and times that the bottle is opened; patient self-report; clinician rating; and pill count. Information, including demographic and clinical characteristics, symptom rating scale, and psychological test results, were also collected. The relationships between adherence and clinical factors, including ADHD rating scores of baseline and of the changes, were assessed. RESULTS: The rate of non-adherence measured by the MEMS was found to be 46.2%, which was considerably higher than those of the patient self-report (17.9%), clinician rating (31.7%), and pill count (12.8%) of non-adherence. The rate of adherence measured by the MEMS was not significantly associated with baseline symptom severity or symptom changes over the eight weeks, although non-adherent group showed more severe baseline symptoms and inferior improvement. CONCLUSION: Adherence as measured by the MEMS showed a discrepancy with other measures of adherence in patients with ADHD. The symptom severity and level of improvement were not related to adherence with MEMS. Further studies are needed to evaluate the variables that may impact medication adherence in children with ADHD.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Humans ; Medication Adherence ; Methylphenidate ; Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems ; Microcomputers ; Psychological Tests

No abstract available.
Cell Lineage* ; Dendritic Cells*

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture despite relatively preserved bone mineral density (BMD). Although this paradox might be attributed to the influence of insulin resistance (IR) on bone structure and material properties, the association of IR with femur bone geometry and strength indices remains unclear. METHODS: Using data from the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center cohort study, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis among nondiabetic postmenopausal women. IR was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Compartment-specific volumetric BMD (vBMD) and bone volume of proximal femur were measured using quantitative computed tomography. The compressive strength index (CSI), section modulus (Z), and buckling ratio of the femoral neck were calculated as bone strength indices. RESULTS: Among 1,008 subjects (mean age, 57.3 years; body mass index [BMI], 23.6 kg/m²), BMI, waist circumference, and vBMD of the femoral neck and total hip increased in a linear trend from the lowest ( < 1.37) to highest (≥2.27) HOMA-IR quartile (P < 0.05 for all). The HOMA-IR showed an independent negative association with total bone volume (standardized β=−0.12), cortical volume (β=−0.05), CSI (β=−0.013), and Z (β=−0.017; P < 0.05 for all) of the femoral neck after adjustment for age, weight, height, physical activity, and vitamin D and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels. However, the association between HOMA-IR and vBMD was attenuated in the adjusted model (femoral neck, β=0.94; P=0.548). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated HOMA-IR was associated with lower cortical bone volume and bone strength indices in nondiabetic postmenopausal women, independent of age and body size.
Body Mass Index ; Body Size ; Bone Density ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cohort Studies ; Compressive Strength ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Femur* ; Hip ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance* ; Insulin* ; Metabolic Diseases ; Motor Activity ; Neck ; Osteoporosis ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; Postmenopause ; Vitamin D ; Waist Circumference