The final degrees of education for the third and fourth authors were mutually misplaced.

BACKGROUND: In 2005, the Korean Red cross introduced mini-pool nucleic acid testing (NAT) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which upgraded to individual donation (ID) NAT including HBV in 2012. In this study, we analyzed the trend of HCV infection among blood donors after introduction of NAT by estimating the residual risk (RR) of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) of HCV. METHODS: Donation data from 2003 to 2014 were analyzed using the Blood Information Management System (BIMS). Each donation was tested for antibodies and viral RNA for HCV. Prevalence and incidence rate (IR) among repeat donors were determined. RR was determined using the incidence rate/window period model. RESULTS: During the 12-year period, a total of 29,058,436 donations were screened with 34 HCV NAT yield donations. Calculated RR per million donations for HCV was significantly reduced from 13.41 in the pre-NAT period (2003~2004) to 0.52 in the post NAT period (2006~2007) (P<0.001). Most recently (2013~2014), RR for HCV with TTI was estimated by 0.16 per million donations (1:6,289,308). CONCLUSION: RR of TTI with HCV was remarkably decreased since introduction of NAT. However, the prevalence and IR of HCV RNA among first time donors was still high and yield cases were more frequent among repeat donors. Therefore, establishment of a sensitive and accurate screening system and measures for maintaining healthy donors should be considered in order to ensure blood safety.
Antibodies ; Blood Donors ; Blood Safety ; Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; HIV ; Humans ; Incidence ; Information Management ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Prevalence ; Red Cross ; RNA ; RNA, Viral ; Tissue Donors

STUDY DESIGN: A case report. OBJECTIVES: To report a rare case of minimally invasive spine surgery after sublaminar wiring fixation with Luque rods. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: In the past, sublaminar wiring fixation with Luque rods was believed to be an effective fixation method; however, the development of transpedicular fixation resulted in the discontinuation of this method. Currently, instead of classical surgery using a broad incision, minimally invasive spine surgery is performed, which has a multitude of advantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initially, the patient underwent Luque sublaminar wiring and posterolateral fusion. After 25 years, minimally invasive TLIF and percutaneous transpedicular fixation were performed for the adjacent segmental spinal stenosis. RESULTS: A good bone union is developing with an excellent clinical outcome, 14 months after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We report a very rare case of a patient who underwent Luque sublaminar wiring and then, 25 years later, had spine surgery with minimally invasive techniques.
Humans ; Spinal Stenosis* ; Spine*

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experience of clinical nurses regarding training programs for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their educational needs. Methods: Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed according to Borich's formula. Data for the study were collected in March 2021 from 16 nurses who had completed a nursing program for critically ill patients with COVID-19 and were working at three hospitals designated for COVID-19. Results: Participants' experiences were classified into three major categories, namely “Participation experiences and perceptions of the training program,” “Recommendations for improving the training program,” and “Perceptions of working in an infectious environment,” and 10 subcategories. According to Borich's formula, the most pressing educational needs in respiratory and non-respiratory nursing, respectively, were for “nursing care for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation” and “application of continuous renal replacement therapy and caring for patients.” Conclusion To prepare for the periodic emergence of communicable infectious diseases throughout the world and cultivate nursing staff to care for critically ill patients, it is necessary to develop nursing education programs with content corresponding to nurses' needs. This study can be used as base data for cultivating nursing staff for critically ill patients with communicable infectious diseases in keeping with clinical nurses’ educational needs and basic educational materials for nursing students.

Purpose: This integrative review aims to identify changes in people with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An integrative literature review method of Whittemore and Knafl was applied to integrate the studies. The literature search was conducted in six electronic databases using English and Korean search terms. Three researchers independently reviewed the extracted papers and rated their quality based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of fifteen relevant studies were included. Results: The selected articles were all international papers, and most of them were quantitative studies. The changes observed in people with schizophrenia were summarized as follows: (1) changes in health outcomes: psychosocial (increased levels of depression, stress, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and psychotic-like experience) and physical (reduction in food intake, weight loss, changes in immunerelated clinical values, etc.); (2) changes in treatment and health management: increased hospitalization, decreased ICU hospitalization, and a decrease in outpatient visits and prescription rate. Conclusion This study confirmed the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with schizophrenia. It is necessary to develop mental health policies and appropriate nursing interventions to help people in preparing for possible future crises.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. OBJECTIVES: To compare serum vitamin D levels in elderly patients with or without osteoporotic spinal compression fractures (OSCFs) and to identify relationships between the serum vitamin D level and other variables, such as age, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone turnover markers (osteocalcin and C-telopeptide). SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Vitamin D plays a key role in calcium metabolism in the bone tissue. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to decreased BMD and an increased risk of falls and of osteoporotic fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 95 elderly patients (≥60 years) with OSCFs (fracture group) and 118 subjects who had been diagnosed with osteoporosis without OSCFs (control group). Serum vitamin D levels were contrasted between the two groups taking into account other factors such as patient age, sex, and seasonal variations. For all the patients, we also evaluated the correlation between the vitamin D level and the patient age, BMD, and bone turnover markers. RESULTS: The mean of the serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels was significantly lower in the fracture group than in the control group. There were significant differences in the 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels in autumn. In all patients, the mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels were the highest in autumn and the lowest in spring. Furthermore, the mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels were significantly correlated with patient age and BMD. CONCLUSIONS: A low serum vitamin D level might be a risk factor of OSCFs in elderly patients.
Aged ; Bone and Bones ; Bone Density ; Calcitriol ; Calcium ; Case-Control Studies* ; Cholecalciferol ; Fractures, Compression ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; Osteoporotic Fractures ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Spinal Fractures ; Spine* ; Vitamin D Deficiency ; Vitamin D* ; Vitamins*