The final degrees of education for the third and fourth authors were mutually misplaced.

STUDY DESIGN: A case report. OBJECTIVES: To report a rare case of minimally invasive spine surgery after sublaminar wiring fixation with Luque rods. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: In the past, sublaminar wiring fixation with Luque rods was believed to be an effective fixation method; however, the development of transpedicular fixation resulted in the discontinuation of this method. Currently, instead of classical surgery using a broad incision, minimally invasive spine surgery is performed, which has a multitude of advantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Initially, the patient underwent Luque sublaminar wiring and posterolateral fusion. After 25 years, minimally invasive TLIF and percutaneous transpedicular fixation were performed for the adjacent segmental spinal stenosis. RESULTS: A good bone union is developing with an excellent clinical outcome, 14 months after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS: We report a very rare case of a patient who underwent Luque sublaminar wiring and then, 25 years later, had spine surgery with minimally invasive techniques.
Humans ; Spinal Stenosis* ; Spine*

BACKGROUND: In 2005, the Korean Red cross introduced mini-pool nucleic acid testing (NAT) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which upgraded to individual donation (ID) NAT including HBV in 2012. In this study, we analyzed the trend of HCV infection among blood donors after introduction of NAT by estimating the residual risk (RR) of transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) of HCV. METHODS: Donation data from 2003 to 2014 were analyzed using the Blood Information Management System (BIMS). Each donation was tested for antibodies and viral RNA for HCV. Prevalence and incidence rate (IR) among repeat donors were determined. RR was determined using the incidence rate/window period model. RESULTS: During the 12-year period, a total of 29,058,436 donations were screened with 34 HCV NAT yield donations. Calculated RR per million donations for HCV was significantly reduced from 13.41 in the pre-NAT period (2003~2004) to 0.52 in the post NAT period (2006~2007) (P<0.001). Most recently (2013~2014), RR for HCV with TTI was estimated by 0.16 per million donations (1:6,289,308). CONCLUSION: RR of TTI with HCV was remarkably decreased since introduction of NAT. However, the prevalence and IR of HCV RNA among first time donors was still high and yield cases were more frequent among repeat donors. Therefore, establishment of a sensitive and accurate screening system and measures for maintaining healthy donors should be considered in order to ensure blood safety.
Antibodies ; Blood Donors ; Blood Safety ; Hepacivirus* ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; HIV ; Humans ; Incidence ; Information Management ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Prevalence ; Red Cross ; RNA ; RNA, Viral ; Tissue Donors

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the experience of clinical nurses regarding training programs for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their educational needs. Methods: Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, and quantitative data were analyzed according to Borich's formula. Data for the study were collected in March 2021 from 16 nurses who had completed a nursing program for critically ill patients with COVID-19 and were working at three hospitals designated for COVID-19. Results: Participants' experiences were classified into three major categories, namely “Participation experiences and perceptions of the training program,” “Recommendations for improving the training program,” and “Perceptions of working in an infectious environment,” and 10 subcategories. According to Borich's formula, the most pressing educational needs in respiratory and non-respiratory nursing, respectively, were for “nursing care for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation” and “application of continuous renal replacement therapy and caring for patients.” Conclusion To prepare for the periodic emergence of communicable infectious diseases throughout the world and cultivate nursing staff to care for critically ill patients, it is necessary to develop nursing education programs with content corresponding to nurses' needs. This study can be used as base data for cultivating nursing staff for critically ill patients with communicable infectious diseases in keeping with clinical nurses’ educational needs and basic educational materials for nursing students.

Purpose: This integrative review aims to identify changes in people with schizophrenia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An integrative literature review method of Whittemore and Knafl was applied to integrate the studies. The literature search was conducted in six electronic databases using English and Korean search terms. Three researchers independently reviewed the extracted papers and rated their quality based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of fifteen relevant studies were included. Results: The selected articles were all international papers, and most of them were quantitative studies. The changes observed in people with schizophrenia were summarized as follows: (1) changes in health outcomes: psychosocial (increased levels of depression, stress, anxiety, sleep disturbance, and psychotic-like experience) and physical (reduction in food intake, weight loss, changes in immunerelated clinical values, etc.); (2) changes in treatment and health management: increased hospitalization, decreased ICU hospitalization, and a decrease in outpatient visits and prescription rate. Conclusion This study confirmed the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with schizophrenia. It is necessary to develop mental health policies and appropriate nursing interventions to help people in preparing for possible future crises.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of body mass composition and cushion type on seat-interface pressure in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients and healthy subjects. METHODS: Twenty SCI patients and control subjects were included and their body mass composition measured. Seat-interface pressure was measured with participants in an upright sitting posture on a wheelchair with three kinds of seat cushion and without a seat cushion. We also measured the pressure with each participant in three kinds of sitting postures on each air-filled cushion. We used repeated measure ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation coefficient for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The total skeletal muscle mass and body water in the lower extremities were significantly higher in the control group, whilst body fat was significantly higher in the SCI group. However, the seat-interface pressure and body mass composition were not significantly correlated in both groups. Each of the three types of seat cushion resulted in significant reduction in the seat-interface pressure. The SCI group had significantly higher seatinterface pressure than the control group regardless of cushion type or sitting posture. The three kinds of sitting posture did not result in a significant reduction of seat-interface pressure. CONCLUSION: We confirmed that the body mass composition does not have a direct effect on seat-interface pressure. However, a reduction of skeletal muscle mass and body water can influence the occurrence of pressure ulcers. Furthermore, in order to minimize seat-interface pressure, it is necessary to apply a method fitted to each individual rather than a uniform method.
Adipose Tissue ; Body Mass Index ; Body Water ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Posture ; Pressure Ulcer ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Cord* ; Wheelchairs