This paper analyzes the historical origins and contents of the “Prices of Herbal Medicines” and “Prices of Prescription Medicines” sections within Gosachalyo (Selected Essentials on Verified Facts, 1554), examining how the accumulation of medical knowledge during the early Joseon dynasty influenced sixteenth century public healthcare services and clinical practices.
These price lists, which detail medicinal herbs and prescription drugs sold by the Jeonuigam (Directorate of Medicine) and the Hyeminseo (Office of Benefiting the People)—the Joseon government’s primary public healthcare institutions—were based on prices established during the reign of King Seongjong (1469-1494), with some subsequent adjustments. By the early sixteenth century, 141 prescriptions had been compiled in Yakmyeong (Names of Medicines). This collection was later annotated by an unknown medical official under the title Chiyobokbeop (Gist and Dosage of Medicine). During the compilation of Gosachalyo in 1553 (the eighth year of King Myeongjong’s reign), royal physician Yang Yesu significantly augmented this repertoire, incorporating numerous contemporary prescriptions and organizing a list of 266 medicines.
While some price adjustments are evident, the listed prices of herbal medicines and prescription drugs remained largely consistent with those established during King Seongjong’s reign. The Joseon government maintained these officially promulgated prices for approximately sixty years—from the late Seongjong period until the publication of the first edition of Gosachalyo in 1554—and this price stability continued into the early seventeenth century. This policy reflects the government’s commitment to ensuring a stable and accessible supply of medicines for the subjects.
Compared to Yakmyeong of the early sixteenth century, the mid-sixteenth-century Gosachalyo contains nearly twice as many prescriptions, covering a broader range of diseases. The newly added prescriptions targeted prevalent societal health threats, such as dysentery, and other previously under-treated illnesses.
Joseon medical practitioners actively engaged medical texts imported from the Ming dynasty, such as Yixue Zhengzhuan (Orthodox Documentations of Medicines, 1515), to meet the growing and diverse medical needs of society. By the mid-sixteenth century, Joseon’s clinical medicine was transitioning from the “Old Prescription” stage—reliant on older compendia like Hejijufang (Formulas from the Imperial Pharmacy, 1148) and Dexiaofang (Effective Formulas, 1337)—to a “New Prescription” stage, characterized by the adoption of the Ming dynasty’s medical knowledge. These sixteenth-century imports not only revolutionized Joseon’s clinical practices but also significantly impacted the government’s public health initiatives.

This paper analyzes the historical origins and contents of the “Prices of Herbal Medicines” and “Prices of Prescription Medicines” sections within Gosachalyo (Selected Essentials on Verified Facts, 1554), examining how the accumulation of medical knowledge during the early Joseon dynasty influenced sixteenth century public healthcare services and clinical practices.
These price lists, which detail medicinal herbs and prescription drugs sold by the Jeonuigam (Directorate of Medicine) and the Hyeminseo (Office of Benefiting the People)—the Joseon government’s primary public healthcare institutions—were based on prices established during the reign of King Seongjong (1469-1494), with some subsequent adjustments. By the early sixteenth century, 141 prescriptions had been compiled in Yakmyeong (Names of Medicines). This collection was later annotated by an unknown medical official under the title Chiyobokbeop (Gist and Dosage of Medicine). During the compilation of Gosachalyo in 1553 (the eighth year of King Myeongjong’s reign), royal physician Yang Yesu significantly augmented this repertoire, incorporating numerous contemporary prescriptions and organizing a list of 266 medicines.
While some price adjustments are evident, the listed prices of herbal medicines and prescription drugs remained largely consistent with those established during King Seongjong’s reign. The Joseon government maintained these officially promulgated prices for approximately sixty years—from the late Seongjong period until the publication of the first edition of Gosachalyo in 1554—and this price stability continued into the early seventeenth century. This policy reflects the government’s commitment to ensuring a stable and accessible supply of medicines for the subjects.
Compared to Yakmyeong of the early sixteenth century, the mid-sixteenth-century Gosachalyo contains nearly twice as many prescriptions, covering a broader range of diseases. The newly added prescriptions targeted prevalent societal health threats, such as dysentery, and other previously under-treated illnesses.
Joseon medical practitioners actively engaged medical texts imported from the Ming dynasty, such as Yixue Zhengzhuan (Orthodox Documentations of Medicines, 1515), to meet the growing and diverse medical needs of society. By the mid-sixteenth century, Joseon’s clinical medicine was transitioning from the “Old Prescription” stage—reliant on older compendia like Hejijufang (Formulas from the Imperial Pharmacy, 1148) and Dexiaofang (Effective Formulas, 1337)—to a “New Prescription” stage, characterized by the adoption of the Ming dynasty’s medical knowledge. These sixteenth-century imports not only revolutionized Joseon’s clinical practices but also significantly impacted the government’s public health initiatives.

This paper analyzes the historical origins and contents of the “Prices of Herbal Medicines” and “Prices of Prescription Medicines” sections within Gosachalyo (Selected Essentials on Verified Facts, 1554), examining how the accumulation of medical knowledge during the early Joseon dynasty influenced sixteenth century public healthcare services and clinical practices.
These price lists, which detail medicinal herbs and prescription drugs sold by the Jeonuigam (Directorate of Medicine) and the Hyeminseo (Office of Benefiting the People)—the Joseon government’s primary public healthcare institutions—were based on prices established during the reign of King Seongjong (1469-1494), with some subsequent adjustments. By the early sixteenth century, 141 prescriptions had been compiled in Yakmyeong (Names of Medicines). This collection was later annotated by an unknown medical official under the title Chiyobokbeop (Gist and Dosage of Medicine). During the compilation of Gosachalyo in 1553 (the eighth year of King Myeongjong’s reign), royal physician Yang Yesu significantly augmented this repertoire, incorporating numerous contemporary prescriptions and organizing a list of 266 medicines.
While some price adjustments are evident, the listed prices of herbal medicines and prescription drugs remained largely consistent with those established during King Seongjong’s reign. The Joseon government maintained these officially promulgated prices for approximately sixty years—from the late Seongjong period until the publication of the first edition of Gosachalyo in 1554—and this price stability continued into the early seventeenth century. This policy reflects the government’s commitment to ensuring a stable and accessible supply of medicines for the subjects.
Compared to Yakmyeong of the early sixteenth century, the mid-sixteenth-century Gosachalyo contains nearly twice as many prescriptions, covering a broader range of diseases. The newly added prescriptions targeted prevalent societal health threats, such as dysentery, and other previously under-treated illnesses.
Joseon medical practitioners actively engaged medical texts imported from the Ming dynasty, such as Yixue Zhengzhuan (Orthodox Documentations of Medicines, 1515), to meet the growing and diverse medical needs of society. By the mid-sixteenth century, Joseon’s clinical medicine was transitioning from the “Old Prescription” stage—reliant on older compendia like Hejijufang (Formulas from the Imperial Pharmacy, 1148) and Dexiaofang (Effective Formulas, 1337)—to a “New Prescription” stage, characterized by the adoption of the Ming dynasty’s medical knowledge. These sixteenth-century imports not only revolutionized Joseon’s clinical practices but also significantly impacted the government’s public health initiatives.

This paper analyzes the historical origins and contents of the “Prices of Herbal Medicines” and “Prices of Prescription Medicines” sections within Gosachalyo (Selected Essentials on Verified Facts, 1554), examining how the accumulation of medical knowledge during the early Joseon dynasty influenced sixteenth century public healthcare services and clinical practices.
These price lists, which detail medicinal herbs and prescription drugs sold by the Jeonuigam (Directorate of Medicine) and the Hyeminseo (Office of Benefiting the People)—the Joseon government’s primary public healthcare institutions—were based on prices established during the reign of King Seongjong (1469-1494), with some subsequent adjustments. By the early sixteenth century, 141 prescriptions had been compiled in Yakmyeong (Names of Medicines). This collection was later annotated by an unknown medical official under the title Chiyobokbeop (Gist and Dosage of Medicine). During the compilation of Gosachalyo in 1553 (the eighth year of King Myeongjong’s reign), royal physician Yang Yesu significantly augmented this repertoire, incorporating numerous contemporary prescriptions and organizing a list of 266 medicines.
While some price adjustments are evident, the listed prices of herbal medicines and prescription drugs remained largely consistent with those established during King Seongjong’s reign. The Joseon government maintained these officially promulgated prices for approximately sixty years—from the late Seongjong period until the publication of the first edition of Gosachalyo in 1554—and this price stability continued into the early seventeenth century. This policy reflects the government’s commitment to ensuring a stable and accessible supply of medicines for the subjects.
Compared to Yakmyeong of the early sixteenth century, the mid-sixteenth-century Gosachalyo contains nearly twice as many prescriptions, covering a broader range of diseases. The newly added prescriptions targeted prevalent societal health threats, such as dysentery, and other previously under-treated illnesses.
Joseon medical practitioners actively engaged medical texts imported from the Ming dynasty, such as Yixue Zhengzhuan (Orthodox Documentations of Medicines, 1515), to meet the growing and diverse medical needs of society. By the mid-sixteenth century, Joseon’s clinical medicine was transitioning from the “Old Prescription” stage—reliant on older compendia like Hejijufang (Formulas from the Imperial Pharmacy, 1148) and Dexiaofang (Effective Formulas, 1337)—to a “New Prescription” stage, characterized by the adoption of the Ming dynasty’s medical knowledge. These sixteenth-century imports not only revolutionized Joseon’s clinical practices but also significantly impacted the government’s public health initiatives.

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign, bony abnormality that is usually asymptomatic. A 41-year-old male with minimal symptoms presented at this hospital with abnormal findings incidentally seen in his ribs on the chest radiograph. A skeletal survey showed numerous, osteolytic lesions throughout multiple bones. Diagnostic processes for malignancy of undefined primary origin (MUO) were performed in order to identify the underlying primary neoplasm, although abnormal findings were not seen except for multiple bone lesions. A computed tomography guided bone biopsy was performed on his left rib. The final diagnosis was fibrous dysplasia. This case demonstrates that fibrous dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis in young patients with multiple, osteolytic lesions and without a prior history suggesting malignancy.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Bone Neoplasms ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fibrous Dysplasia, Polyostotic* ; Humans ; Male ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Ribs

Background: This study aimed to describe the experience of providing older adult patients with transitional care from an acute care hospital to home in cooperation with a public health center, in order to present the barriers to that care and suggest better organizational methods. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study to show the results of the Geriatric Screening for Care-10 (GSC-10) and outcomes of transitional care. Among 659 hospitalized patients aged 65 years or above who lived in an administrative district, forty-five subjects were enrolled between June 24, 2019 and January 23, 2020. Within 48 hours of admission, using the 10 areas of GSC-10, they were assessed for cognitive impairment, depression, polypharmacy (5 or more medications), functional mobility, dysphagia, malnutrition, pain, and incontinence, and were reassessed before discharge. The transitional care plan (containing the treatment summary, the results of the GSC-10 assessment, and the post-discharge plan) was forwarded to a representative of the public health center, who provided continued disease management and various health care services, such as chronic disease and frailty care, and physical rehabilitation. Results: Of all the participants, 64.4% had more than 1 GSC-10 concern. The most prevalent concerns were functional immobility (35.6%) and polypharmacy (22.2%). About 15.6% of the participants were readmitted to a nursing home or hospital. A total of 38 participants received the transitional care intervention. They received an average of 2.7 administered interventions. However, the rate of rejection was high (30.1%) and patients were visited an average of 16.5 days after discharge. Conclusion Through our experience of providing transitional care from an acute care hospital to home in cooperation with a public health center, we expect that the transitional care suitable for the Korean medical situation could be established and successful.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Public hospitals were established to provide high quality medical services to low socioeconomic status patients. This study examined the effects of public hospitals on the treatment and prognosis of patients with five-major gastrointestinal (GI) cancers (stomach cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, bile duct cancer, and pancreatic cancer).METHODS: Among the 1,268 patients treated at Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center from January 2010 to December 2017, 164 (13%) were in the medicare group. The data were analyzed to identify and compare the clinical manifestations, treatment modality, and clinical outcomes between the groups.RESULTS: No statistically significant differences in the clinical data (age, sex), treatment method, and five-year survival rate were observed between the health insurance group and medicare group in the five major GI cancer patients. On the other hand, some medicare group patients tended more comorbidities and fewer treatment options than health insurance patients.CONCLUSIONS: Public hospitals have a positive effect on the treatment and prognosis in medicare group patients with the five-major GI cancers.
Bile Duct Neoplasms ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Comorbidity ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; Hand ; Hospitals, Public ; Humans ; Insurance Coverage ; Insurance, Health ; Liver Neoplasms ; Medicare ; Methods ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul ; Social Class ; Survival Rate

A 52-year-old man was presented with a huge left testicular mass and palpable cervical lymphadenopathy with retroperitoneal lymph node enlargement on an abdominal computed tomography. A left radical orchiectomy and an ultrasound-guided neck node biopsy were performed. A pathological examination revealed spermatocytic seminoma with extensive rhabdomyosarcomatous transformation, a condition known to be highly resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy. The patient received four cycles of etoposide, ifosfamide and cisplatin (VIP) chemotherapy. A repeat computed tomography revealed a substantial regression consistent with a partial response. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection was attempted, which revealed rhabdomyosarcoma; however, complete microscopic resection was not achieved. After surgery, the residual abdominal lymph node progressed and salvage paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin (TIP) chemotherapy was employed, which again achieved a partial response. Here, we present a first case report of a spermatocytic seminoma with extensive rhabdomyosarcomatous transformation and multiple metastatic lymphadenopathies that showed a favorable response to platinum-based systemic chemotherapy.
Biopsy ; Cisplatin ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination* ; Etoposide ; Humans ; Ifosfamide ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Orchiectomy ; Paclitaxel ; Radiotherapy ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; Seminoma*

BACKGROUND: The 48/6 Model of Care is an integrative care initiative for improving the health outcomes of hospitalized older patients; however, its applicability in community-dwelling older adults as a health screening tool has not been investigated. The present study aimed to examine the applicability of this model, prevalence of dysfunction in 6 care areas, and its relationship with self-reported mobility in community-dwelling older adults.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey study of community-dwelling adults aged 65 or older. Participants were screened for problems using 9 items corresponding to the 6 care areas of the 48/6 Model of Care (cognitive functioning, functional mobility, pain management, nutrition and hydration, bladder and bowel management, and medication management). Mobility was assessed via the Life-Space Assessment (LSA). We examined the correlation between each screening item and the LSA.RESULTS: A total of 444 older adults (260 women, 58.6%) participated. The mean number of health problems was 2.3 ± 2.1, with the most common being pain, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence. These problems and LSA scores were significantly different by age groups. A multiple regression analysis showed that polypharmacy (β = −10.567, P < 0.001), dysphagia (β = −9.610, P = 0.021), and pain (β = −7.369, P = 0.004) were significantly associated with life-space mobility after controlling for age.CONCLUSION: The 48/6 Model of Care is applicable to community-dwelling older adults, who show high prevalence of dysfunction in the 6 care areas. This study supports the role of the model in screening for the health status of older adults living in the community, and in estimating mobility.
Adult ; Cognition Disorders ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Deglutition Disorders ; Female ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Pain Management ; Polypharmacy ; Prevalence ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Incontinence