Objectives: This study examined the influence of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and insomnia on the risk of unintentional minor musculoskeletal injuries (UMMI). Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in a single unit of the army in South Korea. One hundred and seventy-seven subjects participated in the study. The Adult ADHD SelfReport Scale (ASRS-v1.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to screen. The risk of UMMI during one-week winter ranger training was investigated. Results: All subjects were male and aged 21.75 (standard deviation 1.5). Approximately 9.6% of subjects had clinically relevant adult ADHD symptoms. Subjects with ADHD had a higher stress index and higher rates of insomnia than those without symptoms. After adjusting for age, rank, service months, obesity, history of UMMI, sleep time, and risk of the task, the ADHD group was 4.90 times more likely to have UMMI than the control group. Insomnia increased the risk of UMMI 8.14 fold. Conclusion These results suggest that an evaluation and intervention for adult ADHD and insomnia should be made in people engaged in other tasks that may result in UMMI.

Objectives: ：This study looked at the effects of chronic IPV on suicide ideation among married women in the country. Methods: ：This study used data from the five-year-old Korea Welfare Panel and analyzed using questions about verbal and physical violence, depression and suicide ideation that were investigated every year. Age, education, and economic levels, drinking, religion, chronic disease, satisfaction with family relationship, satisfaction with social relationship, were included as variables. Results: ：The five-year cumulative score of verbal violence had a statistically significant effect on the depres-sive symptom, and the relative risk was 1.180. The relative risk of five-year-old cumulative score of verbal violence in suicidal ideation was 1.276, and it was also significant even if they exclude the effects of depressive symptom.On the other hand, the five-year cumulative score of physical violence was found to have no significant impact on suicide ideation if they excluded the effects of depressive symptom. Conclusions ：Unlike previous studies, this study found that chronic verbal IPVs increase suicide ideation,even though they do not contain effects of depression. Such findings suggest that intervention in IPV in married women may help reduce the nation's suicide rate.

Objectives: ：This study looked at the effects of chronic IPV on suicide ideation among married women in the country. Methods: ：This study used data from the five-year-old Korea Welfare Panel and analyzed using questions about verbal and physical violence, depression and suicide ideation that were investigated every year. Age, education, and economic levels, drinking, religion, chronic disease, satisfaction with family relationship, satisfaction with social relationship, were included as variables. Results: ：The five-year cumulative score of verbal violence had a statistically significant effect on the depres-sive symptom, and the relative risk was 1.180. The relative risk of five-year-old cumulative score of verbal violence in suicidal ideation was 1.276, and it was also significant even if they exclude the effects of depressive symptom.On the other hand, the five-year cumulative score of physical violence was found to have no significant impact on suicide ideation if they excluded the effects of depressive symptom. Conclusions ：Unlike previous studies, this study found that chronic verbal IPVs increase suicide ideation,even though they do not contain effects of depression. Such findings suggest that intervention in IPV in married women may help reduce the nation's suicide rate.

Objectives: ：We aimed to explore weekend catch-up sleep (CUS) by age and to find out the association between CUS and depression by the age group and weekday sleep duration (SD). Methods: ：Using data from the 2016-2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the CUS by age of 16,174 subjects was investigated, and the depression data of 11,088 subjects were analyzed. CUS was calculated as the weekend sleep duration minus weekday sleep duration (SD). The mean of CUS and weekday SD in depression group and non-depression group was compared by early, middle, and late adulthood groups, and logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of CUS on the depression by age group when weekday SD was insufficient. Results: ：The CUS tended to decrease continuously with age, the mean of CUS in the late adult group was the shortest. However, the average SD, adjusted for weekend CUS, was the shortest in the middle adulthood group. Overall, the sleep durations were shorter in the depression group than in the non-depression group, but the CUS difference between the two groups was significantly only in the middle adulthood. The risk of depression was signifi-cantly higher when weekend CUS was less than 1hour with a short weekday SD of less than 6hours (OR 2.44, 95% CI: 1.78-3.35), and this finding was significant in all adult groups. Conclusions ：The findings of this study suggest that short weekday SD and inadequate weekend CUS are as-sociated with depression and that CUS is an option to compensate for sleep deprivation and prevent depression.

It is acknowledged that there is a negative relationship between dementia and auditory function in older adults. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on the data of audiologic testings from patients with neurodegenerative diseases in terms of auditory eventrelated potentials and central auditory processing tests, while focusing on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). A total of 34765 articles were retrieved from the seven electronic databases. After being screened by Participants, Index test, Control, Outcomes, Study design (PICOS) criteria, 129 articles for AD were included and then 72 articles were applied to the meta-analysis. However, five and six ar-ticles were systematically reviewed for the auditory functions of DLB and PDD, respectively,due to a small number of articles. The results of meta-analysis showed a significant difference between patients with AD and age-matched normal subjects, for N200 and P300 latency, P300 amplitude, and the behavioral central auditory processing tests, although there was a high heterogeneity. On the other hand, the systematic review indicated that the results of mismatch negativity test might distinguish auditory performance of DLB patients from that of PDD. Furthermore, for P300 amplitude, anterior to posterior distribution of brain resulted in meaningful difference of auditory function between AD and DLB patients. In sum, current review study suggests that lesion and degree of auditory (dys)function may be different depending on the type of dementia, although future research should be followed.

Objective: The aim of this study was 1) to investigate the prevalence and pattern of dental anomalies (DAs), 2) to compare DAs according to the type of malocclusion, and 3) to investigate the correlation between tooth impaction and other DAs in the Korean orthodontic population. Methods: A total of 3,240 orthodontic patients were classified as Class I, Class II, or Class III malocclusion groups. The presence and location of common DAs, including impaction, microdontia, agenesis, supernumerary tooth, transposition, and fusion, were identified by examining diagnostic records. Furthermore, samples were classified as Group 1 without impaction or Group 2 with impaction. The prevalence of other DAs concurrent with impaction was investigated and compared to Group 1. Results: Impaction was the most prevalent DA, followed by microdontia, agenesis, and supernumerary. Class I and Class III groups showed the same order of prevalence, but agenesis was more frequent than microdontia in the Class II group. The prevalence of the four DAs was lowest in the Class III group. Overall, 8.6% of patients were classified into Group 2. The incidence of DAs other than impaction and the prevalence of multiple concurrent DAs were significantly higher in Group 2. Impaction showed a significant relationship with supernumerary tooth, transposition, and fusion. Conclusions The prevalence and pattern of DAs varied depending on the type of malocclusion. As there was a higher risk of other DAs in patients with impacted teeth, early detection of the impacted tooth and a detailed diagnosis of other possible DAs may be essential.

PURPOSE: We have summarized the experience of our institution related to what treatment has been performed in patients with pancreatic fistula and their outcome.METHODS: Seventy-eight pancreatico-enteric anastomosis failure (PEAF) patients of 403 pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) were included for this retrospective study. PEAF was defined by the presence of rich amylase (over 10,000 IU/L) in drainage fluid at postoperative day 5 to 7 and radiographic demonstration of the anastomotic breakdown and associated local fluid collection. The management was analyzed by observation group (O group), intervention (I group) and surgery group (S group).RESULTS: Preoperative clinical status of the PEAF group and non-PEAF group was similar. Bile duct cancer was the highest risk subgroup of the PEAF (P=0.001) and the pancreatic adenocarcinoma showed the least risk for the PEAF (P<0.001). Among the 78 PEAF patients, 50 were managed as a conservative treatment, 15 patients were received radiologic intervention and 13 patients performed rescue surgery. Among these three subgroups, there was no statistical significance in the patient's demographics, clinical status, surgical factors and disease nature. However, mortality was significantly higher in the S group (P<0.001). The mortality cases were developed one and six patients in O and S group, respectively. Surgical procedures in S group were completion total pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy (n=12) and pancreatectomy preserving spleen in four (28.6%). Pancreaticogastrostomy repair and Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction were performed each case, respectively.CONCLUSION: Proper drainage catheter indwelling during the PD or postoperative radiological intervention can effectively manage the PEAF without surgical interventional treatment.
Adenocarcinoma ; Amylases ; Bile Duct Neoplasms ; Catheters ; Demography ; Drainage ; Humans ; Mortality ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatic Fistula ; Pancreaticoduodenectomy ; Pancreaticojejunostomy ; Retrospective Studies ; Spleen ; Splenectomy

Most preschool children in Korea attend kindergarten (KG) or a child care center (CCC). CCCs, which focus on caring for the child, belong to the ministry of health and welfare. On the other hand, KGs are responsible for education, and belong to the ministry of education, science and technology. In order to resolve the decline in population due to low birthrates, the government is expanding the free child care and education policies. CCCs and KGs are combined together to form the 'NURI curriculum' and supporting funds have been increased in both governmental departments. In addition, economic support is provided for homeschooling households. Because this is a nationwide policy and applies to every single household, thorough preparation regarding the effect and side effects must be made. This policy is currently being implemented, and as child and adolescent psychiatrists, great consideration should be given to the influence on the population. Therefore, the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry intends to investigate the effects and problems of the nationwide policy by analyzing the current condition of Korea's free child care and education and foreign policies. In the current paper, we reviewed the developmental process of Korea's free child care and education policy, as well as suggested future directions.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Psychiatry ; Child ; Child Care ; Child, Preschool ; Chlormequat ; Family Characteristics ; Financial Management ; Hand ; Humans ; Korea ; Mental Health ; Psychiatry

Purpose: To investigate the incidence and clinical course of acute endophthalmitis after idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) surgery employing microincision vitrectomy (MIVS). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of eyes with acute endophthalmitis developing after iERM surgery via 23- or 25-gauge MIVS from 2011 to 2021. The incidence, culture-positive rate (and responsible bacteria), final visual acuity (VA), and factors affecting poor visual outcomes were assessed. Results: Acute endophthalmitis developed in 20 of the 12,921 eyes (0.15%) after MIVS. Of these, 14 of 3,180 eyes treated via iERM (0.44%, one per 227 procedures) developed endophthalmitis; the incidence ratio (iERM versus non-iERM) was 7.1 (p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6-22.7). At least one sclerotomy remained unsutured in all eyes after iERM surgery. Thirteen eyes (92.9%) were given intravitreal antibiotic injections after emergency vitrectomy, and one eye was treated with intravitreal antibiotic injection alone. Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from four eyes (28.6%); three strains were methicillin-resistant. All final VAs were not better than the initial VAs; the average VA decreased from 20/42 to 20/259 (p < 0.001). Six eyes (42.9%) attained legal blindness status (final VA < 20/200); Macular invasion was a unique risk factor for such blindness (p = 0.020, odds ratio = 35.0, 95% CI = 1.7-703.0). Conclusions Acute endophthalmitis developing after iERM surgery with MIVS was more common than such endophthalmitis after other retinal surgery. Approximately 40% of the former patients became legally blind, and the risk was higher in eyes with macular involvement of endophthalmitis.