This study was carried out from 1993 to 1994 in the small industries in Incheon. The objectives of this study was in order to estimate the quitting rate, to identify its relating factors and to propose effective quitting management policy in the small industries. The results were as follows; 1. The quitting rate of 266 study workers was 42.1%(l12 workers). 2. Age, working duration, position, marital status were significant difference between the quitting group and the non-quitting group. 10 the quitting group, mean age was young, working duration was short, general employees and unmarried workers were many compared with the non-quitting group. 3. In the industry characteristics, total assets, total sales, sales per person, establishment duration and occupational health and safety status were significant difference between the quitting group and the non-quitting group. In the quitting group, total assets, total sales and sales per person were little, establishment duration of company was short and occupational health and safety status were poor compared with the non-quitting group. 4. In the quitting group, worker's response to employer's disposal about health and safety was more passive and the relation to employer with employee was significantly poor compared with the non-quitting group. 5. Multiple logistic regression analysis of quitting against family income per person, working duration, relation to employer with employee, occupational health and safety status in industry, worker`s response to employer's disposal about health and safety and sales per person was done. Working duration, occupational health and safety status, worker`s response to empolyer's disposal about health and safety were significant eiplainatory variables for quitting. Above results showed that the quitting rate was high and it was significant difference between the quitting group and non -quitting group according to characteristics of workers and of industries. Especially, it suggested that working duration, occupational health and safety status and worker's response to employers disposal about health and safety were significant quitting factor. Therefore, it should be reflected in the quitting management and the policy of steady employment.
Commerce ; Employment ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Logistic Models ; Marital Status ; Occupational Health ; Single Person

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects on the formation of benzidine-hemoglobin, and benzidine metabolite-hemoglobin adducts, caused by pretreatment with the known xenobiotic metabolism effectors, ethanol and phenobarbital, in rats administered Direct Black 38 dye. METHODS: The experimental rats were divided into three groups: a control group, an ethanol group and a phenobarbital group. Rats were pretreated with ethanol (1g/kg) or phenobarbital (80mg/kg) 24 hours prior to the oral administration of Direct Black 38 (0.5mmol/kg), with the control group being administered the same amount of distilled water. Blood samples were obtained from the vena cava of 5 rats from each group prior to, and at 30 min, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 144 h following the oral administration of Direct Black 38. Directly after sampling the blood was separated into hemoglobin and plasma, with the adducts being converted into aromatic amines by basic hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed benzidiene, monoacetylbenzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl were analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector. The quantitative amount of the metabolites was expressed by the hemoglobin binding index (HBI). RESULTS: In the ethanol group, benzidine-, monoacetylben-zidine-, and 4-aminobiphenyl-HBI were increased to a greater extent than those in the control group. These results were attributed to the ethanol inducing N-hydroxylation, which is related to the formation of the hemoglobin adduct. In the phenobarbital group, all the HBIs, with the exception of the benzidine-HBI, were increased to a greater extent than those of the control group. These results were attributed to the phenobarbital inducing N-hydroxylation related to the formation of the hemoglobin adduct. The N-acetylation ratio was only increased with the phenobarbital pretreatment due to the lower benzidine-HBI of the phenobarbital group compared to those of the control and ethanol groups. The N-acetylation ratios for all groups were higher than 1 for the duration of the experimental period. Although the azo reduction was unaffected by the ethanol, it was inhibited by the phenobarbital. The ratio of the benzidine-HBI in the phenobarbital group was lower than those of the ethanol the control groups for the entire experiment. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that both ethanol and phenobarbital increase the formation of adducts by the induction of N-hydroxylation, but also induced N-acetylation. Phenobarbital decreased the formation of benzidine-HBI due to the decrease of the azo reduction. These results suggest that the effects of ethanol and phenobarbital need to be considered in the biochemical monitoring of Direct Black 38.
Administration, Oral ; Amines ; Animals ; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase ; Ethanol* ; Hydrolysis ; Metabolism ; Phenobarbital* ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Water

This study is performed to evaluate usefulness of dermal measurement of benzidine and benzidine based dye as one of the occupational exposure assessment method for these compounds. We selected one benzidine manufacturing factory and one dye manufacturing factory in Incheon area. Eleven workers were for benzidine manufacturing factory and twenty four for dye. We analyzed relationships among air level, amount on skin and concentration of urinary metabolites for these compounds. Airborne levels of benzidine and dye were measured by NIOSH 5509, 5013 methods. Amount of these compounds on skin was measured with skin wipe method. Concentration of benzidine metabolites in urine was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography after alkaline hydrolysis. The amount of benzidine on hand skin was 25.05( - 233.2) ng/ur, and the amount of the neck was 2.01 ( - 11.9) ng/cm2 in the benzidine dihydrochloride manufacturing factory. The amount of benzidine on hand and neck skin has positive correlation with concentration of urinary monoacetyl benzidine (r=0.644, p < 0.05) . The amount of benzidine based dye on hand skin was 55.75( - 457.7) ng/cm2, and the amount of the neck skin was 18( - 284.7) ng/cm in benzidine based dye manufacturing factory The amount of dye on hand and neck skin has positive correlation with concentration of urinary benzidine for dye workers (r=0.467, p < 0.05). When assessing the exposure of workers who deal with benzidine, the amount of benzidine on skin should be measured for an accurate exposure assessment.
Chromatography, Liquid ; Hand ; Hydrolysis ; Incheon ; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.) ; Neck ; Occupational Exposure ; Skin

The purpose of this study is to reveal how the road traffic noise influences on the response of teachers and students, which composed of conversation, studying, relation, and physical disturbances. The research method used in this study was self- administrated questionnaire. Samples of the survey were composed of 420 persons(l14 teachers and 306 students) who are exposed to traffic noise less than 65 dB(A) from two junior high schools and 410 persons(140 teachers and 270 students) from two noisy junior high schools which the road traffic noise above 65 dB(A). In the response of both of the teachers and students in noisy(above 65 dB) schools complaints of disturbances of conversation, studying, relaxation, and physical disturbances are much higher than that of less noisy schools' teachers and students(p<0.01 ). On the occasion of time and season, the subjects answered the traffic noise cause high troublesome and stresses in the afternoon(12:00-17:00) and summer respectively. It is necessary to provide governmental comprehensive and fundamental measures to improve the noisy school environments.
Humans ; Noise* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Relaxation ; Seasons

To evaluate the change of perception, attitude and practice toward Group Health Care Systerl for small and medium industries, a survey using self-administered questionnaire was conducted to a part of industries in Inchon area, in year 1992 and 1993. major dependent variables were perception, attitude, and practical behavioral change related with Croup Health Care System ; these variables were measured by 3-point Likert like scale. 47 industries were used in analysis. Psrception of year 1993 was higher (1.25) than that (1 34) of 1992. Attitude of yeal. 1993 was also slightly higher (1.46) than that (1.43) of 1992. Both data indicated positive attitude. Practice of year 1993 was slightly lewer (0.86) tHan that (0.90) of 1992, but its change didn't have any statistical significance. In year 1992, major determinants of perception, attitude and behaviral change were sex and age of industrial health care manager ; they had positive efffct upon perception and practice. In yeal. 1993, it was sex of health care manager; it had influenced upon practice. Both year 1992 and 1993, perception was higher and attitude was more positive. In the case of higher perception or positive attitude, practice was active accordingly. To accelerate the behavioral change of health care manager, it is necessary to eaucate them continuously.
Croup ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Incheon ; Occupational Health* ; Questionnaires

For developing the Group Health care system, health managers' job structure were analysed in the aspects of content, amount, and process. As a trial research, data were collected by a standardized job analysis table to 6 doctors, 40 nurses, and 11 industrial hygienists of Group Health Care System. Health care managers were performing complex and intellectual jobs such as health education for workers, managing health care, conference as well as more simple jobs like as filling diary. Especially, job was consisted of general job and health care management job in the proportion of 1:2.18. The major general job were data management related with the health statistics, and major health care management jobs were managing health care, health counselling, environmental management of working sites. Each specific jobs were required differentiated intellectual capacity, creativity, autonomy, psychic stress, and physical work; most respondents perceived that health care management jobs should require more inputs than general jobs Additionally job satisfaction and perceived need on specific job items were analysed. Results of this research, suggested through the field experiences in working sites, should be considered for improving the Group Health Care System.
Creativity ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Delivery of Health Care* ; Health Education ; Job Satisfaction

PURPOSE: To compare clinical outcomes after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab for the treatment of macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Sixty-six patients received an intravitreal injection of either triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab. Patients were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty-three out of 66 patients were treated with an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide, while the other 33 patients received a bevacizumab injection. All patients underwent a visual acuity test, optical coherence tomography imaging and ophthalmoscopic examination throughout the follow-up. RESULTS: In the triamcinolone group, central macular thickness (CMT) decreased from 496.69 +/- 153.01 micrometer at baseline to 313.06 +/- 150.14 micrometer at the six-month follow-up visit, while in the bevacizumab group, CMT decreased from 441.30 +/- 185.79 micrometer to 295.67 +/- 188.80 micrometer (p<0.05). In the triamcinolone group, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from logMAR 0.92 +/- 0.70 at baseline to logMAR 0.53 +/- 0.43 at the six-month follow-up visit, and in the bevacizumab group, BCVA improved from logMAR 0.74 +/- 0.47 to logMAR 0.34 +/- 0.33 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The therapeutic effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide showed no significant differences compared with those of intravitreal bevacizumab with regard to anatomical and functional outcomes.
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Macular Edema ; Retinal Vein ; Retinal Vein Occlusion ; Retinaldehyde ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Triamcinolone ; Triamcinolone Acetonide ; Visual Acuity ; Bevacizumab

No abstract available.
Animals ; Carbon* ; Rats*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Carbon* ; Rats*

The presence of anti-gastric parietal cell antibodies (AGPAs) has been strongly associated with the pathogenesis of pernicious anemia and atrophic gastritis and has been rarely reported in thyrotoxicosis. In addition, AGPAs more commonly occur in the Western population. No case of AGPA occurring in thyrotoxicosis has been reported in Korea to date. We report a case involving the occurrence of AGPAs in a thyrotoxicosis patient examined at the Hanyang University Hospital. Upon medical consultation, a 55-yr-old woman with no significant medical history was found to have elevated levels of cholesterol, AST, ALT, gamma glutamyl transferase, and mild anemia. Further blood tests revealed elevated levels of T3, free T4, and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and negative results for the anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) and anti-thyroglobulin antibody (anti-TG), for which the patient was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis. To rule out autoimmune hepatitis in the explanation of the continuously elevated levels of AST and ALT, the autoimmune target (AIT), anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA), anti-liver/kidney/microsomal antibody (LKM), anti-mitochondria antibody (AMA) and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) tests were done, and the results were all negative. However, during this process, the patient tested positive for AGPA, when stomach tissue was used as the sample. Finally, the patient was diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis without any other autoimmune disease. This is the first report of confirmed presence of AGPA in a thyrotoxicosis-only patient in Korea.
Anemia ; Anemia, Pernicious ; Antibodies* ; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; Hematologic Tests ; Hepatitis, Autoimmune ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating ; Korea ; Peroxidase ; Rabeprazole* ; Stomach ; Thyrotoxicosis* ; Thyrotropin ; Transferases