OBJECTIVE: Each consumer uses different consumer evaluation by sources of health information, considering the influences of consumers' socio-demographic characteristics, health status, attitude to health, and types of health information needed. METHODS: Sources of health information include web-based resources, health professionals, and publications such as medical books, magazines, newspapers, etc. Data were collected from 1,189 respondents through a telephone survey, among whom 513(43%) responses were finally included in the analysis. The results were analysed by statistical methods including Chi-square, multiple regression, and correlation analyses. RESULTS: Key findings are as follows. First, there were significant differences in evaluation results by different sources of health information. Access to health professionals shows positive outcomes in general, followed by web-based resource. Second, the significant factors related to the access outcomes were different in each domains such as easiness, amount, understanding, reliability, and helpfulness. In addition, while access to health professionals was found to have significant influence on health behavior by improving the ability of health management, access to internet improved only the understanding of health information. CONCLUSION: Access to health professionals for health information was positively related to utilization outcomes in general, but access to publications was negatively related to outcomes. Despite the increase in the number of web-based users, they could not rely on the information they found. To effectively utilize various sources of health information and improve the nation's health by providing appropriate health information, quality assurance strategy for contents in health information websites and active intervention by health professionals should be pursued.
Attitude to Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Health Behavior ; Health Occupations ; Health Resources ; Internet ; Periodicals ; Periodicals as Topic ; Telephone

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates consumers' choice regarding source of health information. Specifically, the relationships between consumers' socioeconomic characteristics, health status, attitude to health, information needs and source of health information were explored. METHODS: Type of health information sources includes web-based, health professional, and mass-media types. Structured questionnaires were completed by 1,189 consumers through a telephone survey, and 622(52.3%) responses were included in analysis. RESULTS: A key finding was the significant difference for accessing health information by customer's characteristics, although the strong preference was shown in web-based resource. Accessing channels were different by consumer's needs of health information and attitude to health as well as consumer's age, job, education, and economic status. CONCLUSION: Consumer behaviors are likely to optimize physical and psychosocial health potentials through health information. Despite a growing number of available web-based health information resources, consumers continue to face a variety of barriers as they attempt to access these resources. Meeting consumer's needs for health information is an important role for all providers of health information.
Access to Information ; Attitude to Health ; Education ; Health Occupations ; Information Services ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Telephone

Background: Age-adjusted bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women decreases in developed countries whereas incidence of osteoporotic fracture decreases or remains stable. We investigated secular trends of bone density from 2008 to 2017 among different age groups of postmenopausal women. Methods: We analyzed BMD data obtained from health check-ups of 4,905 postmenopausal women during three survey cycles from 2008 to 2017. We divided them into 3 groups by age (50–59 years, 60–69 years, and 70 years or more) and observed the transition of lumbar and femoral BMD in each group, before and after adjusting for variables that may affect BMD. Results: Age-adjusted BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), and T-score demonstrated a declining trend over the survey period at lumbar spine (−2.8%), femur neck (−3.5%) and total femur (−4.3%), respectively. In the analysis for the age groups, the BMD, BMC, and T-score presented linear declining trend (−6.1%) in younger postmenopausal women while women aged over 70 or more showed linear increasing trends (+6.3%) at lumbar spine during the survey period. Femoral neck and total femur BMD demonstrated a declining linear trend only in the 50–59 and 60–69 years groups (−5.5%, −5.2%, respectively), but not in the 70 years or more group. Conclusion BMD in younger postmenopausal women has decreased considerably but has increased or plateaued in elderly women. This discordance of BMD trends among different age groups may contribute to decreased incidence of osteoporotic fracture despite a recent declining BMD trend in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) has a central role in regulating muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism. PGC-1α stimulates muscle growth and muscle fiber remodeling, concomitantly regulating lactate and lipid metabolism and promoting oxidative metabolism.Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thumb.) has been widely employed as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. We investigated whether G. pentaphyllum extract (GPE) and its active compound, gypenoside L (GL), affect muscle differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism via activation of the PGC-1α pathway in murine C2C12 myoblast cells.MATERIALS/METHODS: C2C12 cells were treated with GPE and GL, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to analyze the mRNA and protein expression levels. Myh1 was determined using immunocytochemistry.Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was measured using the 2′7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. RESULTS: GPE and GL promoted the differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes and elevated mRNA and protein expression levels of Myh1 (type IIx). GPE and GL also significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of the PGC-1α gene (Ppargc1a), lactate metabolismregulatory genes (Esrra and Mct1), adipocyte-browning gene fibronectin type III domaincontaining 5 gene (Fndc5), glycogen synthase gene (Gys), and lipid metabolism gene carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1b gene (Cpt1b). Moreover, GPE and GL induced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase, p38, sirtuin1, and deacetylated PGC-1α. We also observed that treatment with GPE and GL significantly stimulated the expression of genes associated with the anti-oxidative stress response, such as Ucp2, Ucp3, Nrf2, and Sod2<>/i>. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that GPE and GL enhance exercise performance by promoting myotube differentiation and mitochondrial metabolism through the upregulation of PGC-1α in C2C12 skeletal muscle.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical infrastructure and utilization of radiotherapy (RT) services in Korea between 2017 and 2019. Materials and Methods: We extracted the data of patients who underwent RT between 2017 and 2019 from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. We further analyzed this data according to the diagnosis and treatment modalities of patients diagnosed with International Classification of Disease 10 (ICD-10) diagnostic codes C00–C97 and D00–D48. In addition, we collected statistics on RT facilities in Korea using a nationwide survey. Results: The total number of patients who received RT in 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 77,901, 81,849, and 87,460, respectively. The number of patients diagnosed with ICD 10 C- and D-codes in 2019 was 86,339, of whom 39,467 were men and 46,872 women. The rate of utilization of RT among cancer patients was 30.4% in 2017 and 2018 and 30.9% in 2019. In 2019, the most common types of cancers treated with RT were breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, and liver cancers. Regarding the RT infrastructure in Korea, there were 95 radiation oncology centers, 237 megavoltage (MV) teletherapy units, 35 brachytherapy units, and two proton accelerators in 2019. There were 4.5 MV teletherapy machines per million. Conclusion The number of patients treated with RT has increased consistently from 2017 to 2019. As the number of patients with cancer increases, it is expected that the RT infrastructure will be further expanded in Korea.

This study evaluated the incidence, the survival outcomes and its prognostic factors for male breast cancer (MBC) in Korea. Using the National Health Insurance Service database of Korea, we identified MBC patients who had the new claim code of C50. Medical records including type of surgeries and radiotherapy within one year of the first claim and death records were reviewed. Between 2005 and 2016, 838 newly diagnosed MBC patients were included (median follow-up, 1,769 days). The 70–74-year age group had the highest incidence of MBC. The 5-year survival rate was 73.7%. Age > 65 years, low income, no surgical intervention, no tamoxifen use, and > 2 comorbidities correlated with a worse outcome. MBC incidence has increased over time, and its peak is noted at age > 70 years. Age > 65 years, > 2 comorbidities, no surgical intervention, and no tamoxifen use correlate to poor prognosis.