OVJECTIVES: As the attention devoted to children's mental health increases, medical costs and burdens mount as well. In the present study, we evaluated the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and major child psychiatric symptoms. METHODS: The subjects of this study were children of recruited from a mental health screening program in the Seoul Sungbuk mental health center over the course of 3 months. To establish the SES of each child, we collected data about each child's medical insurance, years of parental education, household income, family structure and housing. 149 children& parents completed questionnaires including the Childhood Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Korean Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (K-ARS). RESULTS: The mean K-ARS-P score was 12.1+/-11.1 and the suspected prevalence of ADHD was 20.8% (n=31). The mean CDI score was 12.9+/-7.9, and the prevalence of suspected depression was 16.8% (25). Depressive symptoms and ADHD symptoms were both more severe than those observed in a previous epidemiologic study in Korea. Depressive symptoms were more closely associated with family SES status. CONCLUSION: SES status is one of the most important risk factors in the development of major child psychiatric symptoms. In our study we found that depressive symptoms in particular were most tightly associated with psychosocial factors. Evaluation of the risk factors, early screening and intervention for low SES children would be valuable mental health management tactics to implement in a community mental health system.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Child ; Depression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Family Characteristics ; Housing ; Humans ; Insurance ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Parents ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Social Class ; Surveys and Questionnaires

A high intake of licorice can cause hypermineralocorticoidism with sodium retention and potassium loss, edema, increased blood pressure and depression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Glycyrrhizic acid, a component of licorice, produces hypermineralocorticoidism through the inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. We report a 55-year-old woman with severe muscle weakness with hypokalemia(Serum K+ : 1.7 mEq/ L) due to raw licorice tea. She boiled the licorice 50 g in water and drunk intermittently for 4 months due to her foreign body sensation on her throat. In Korea there is a traditional recipe that licorice works out for the above symptom. Her serum renin activity and aldosterone level were far beyond normal range which was typical to licorice ingestion. She also had metabolic alkalosis with pH 7.55 and hypertension. After quitting the licorice, hypokalemia and muscle weakness gradually improved and her blood pressure returned to normal.
11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ; Aldosterone ; Alkalosis ; Blood Pressure ; Depression ; Eating ; Edema ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; Glycyrrhiza* ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypertension ; Hypokalemia* ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Muscle Weakness ; Pharynx ; Potassium ; Reference Values ; Renin ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Sensation ; Sodium ; Tea ; Water

OBJECTIVES: A supine sleep position increases sleep apneas compared to non-supine positions in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, supine position time (SPT) is not highly associated with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in OSAS. We evaluated the correlation among sleep-related variables and SPT in OSAS. METHODS: A total of 365 men with OSAS were enrolled in this study. We analyzed how SPT was correlated with demographic data, sleep structure-related variables, OSAS-related variables and heart rate variability (HRV). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the factors that affected SPT. RESULTS: SPT had the most significant correlation with total sleep time (TST ; r = 0.443, p < 0.001), followed by sleep efficiency (SE ; r = 0.300, p < 0.001). Snoring time (r = 0.238, p < 0.001), time at < 90% SpO2 (r = 0.188, p < 0.001), apnea-hypopnea index (AHI ; r = 0.180, p = 0.001) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI ; r = 0.149, p = 0.004) were significantly correlated with SPT. Multiple regression analysis revealed that TST (t = 7.781, p < 0.001), snoring time (t = 3.794, p < 0.001), AHI (t = 3.768, p < 0.001) and NN50 count (t = 1.993, p = 0.047) were associated with SPT. CONCLUSION: SPT was more highly associated with sleep structure-related parameters than OSAS-related variables. SPT was correlated with TST, SE, AHI, snoring time and NN50 count. This suggests that SPT is likely to be determined by sleep structure, HRV and the severity of OSAS.
Heart Rate ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Oxygen ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Snoring ; Supine Position*

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the intracellular action of the antidepressant, venlafaxine, in C6 glioma cells using heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) immunocytochemistry and HSP70 Western blots; HSP70 is known to be associated with stress and depression. METHODS: The extent of HSP70 expression was measured after rat C6 glioma cells were treated with 1) dexamethasone only, 2) venlafaxine only, 3) simultaneous venlafaxine and dexamethasone, or 4) dexamethasone after venlafaxine pretreatment. Dexamethasone (10 microM, 6 hours) did not affect the level of HSP70 expression relative to control. RESULTS: Short-term (1 hour) venlafaxine treatment significantly increased the level of HSP 70 expression. Simultaneous long-term (72 hours) venlafaxine and dexamethasone treatment significantly reduced the level of HSP70 expression. Dexamethasone treatment administered following long-term (24 and 72 hours) pretreatment with venlafaxine also significantly reduced the level of HSP70 expression. CONCLUSION: Short-term treatment with venlafaxine increases the expression of HSP70, but prolonged treatment with dexamethasone suppresses the venlafaxine-induced expression of HSP70. These findings suggest that HSP70 and dexamethasone play a significant role in the pathophysiology of depression.
Animals ; Cyclohexanols ; Depression ; Dexamethasone ; Glioma ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rats ; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: As peanuts germinate, the content of the components beneficial to health, such as resveratrol, increases within the peanut sprout. This study examined whether the ethanol extract of peanut sprout tea (PSTE) inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis.MATERIALS/METHODS: After orthotopically injecting 4T1 cells into BALB/c mice to induce breast cancer, 0, 30, or 60 mg/kg body weight/day of PSTE was administered orally.Angiogenesis-related protein expression in the tumors and the degree of metastasis were analyzed. 4T1 and RAW 264.7 cells were co-cultured, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to measure the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and macrophages. RESULTS: PSTE reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis. In particular, PSTE decreased matrix metalloproteinase-9, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, F4/80, CD11c, macrophage mannose receptor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 expression in the tumors. Moreover, PSTE prevented 4T1 cell migration, invasion, and macrophage activity in RAW 264.7 cells. PSTE inhibited the crosstalk between 4T1 cells and RAW 264.7 cells and promoted the macrophage M1 subtype while inhibiting the M2 subtype. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that PSTE blocks breast cancer growth and metastasis to the lungs. This may be because the PSTE treatment inhibits the crosstalk between mammary cancer cells and macrophages and inhibits the differentiation of macrophages into the M2 subtype.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 8 weeks of resistance circuit training in people with paraplegia due to spinal cord injury. Methods: Participants were randomized into experimental and control groups. Although the intensity and sequence of movements of the exercise programs were identical in both groups, the resting time between sets was limited to 1 minute in the experimental group. In the control group, the participants were allowed to rest until they were comfortable. Both groups received 8 weeks of training twice per week. Before and after the program, muscle mass, body fat percentage, fat mass, blood pressure, heart rate, muscle strength and muscular endurance were evaluated, and 6-minute propulsion test was conducted. Additionally, the safety of the program was assessed. Results: Twenty-two individuals with paraplegia were enrolled (11 in each group). After the training program, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in the resting blood pressure and improvement in the upper extremity muscle mass, strength, and endurance (p<0.05). Each variable showed significant inter-group differences (p<0.05). Furthermore, none of the participants showed autonomic adverse events, musculoskeletal side effects, or discomfort. Conclusion The results show that resistance circuit training programs with short resting intervals are superior to the usual resistance exercise programs in improving the blood pressure and physical strength and are safe for people with upper thoracic level injuries at T6 or higher.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infectious disease and are mainly caused by Escherichia coli. In this review, we introduce the current concept of recurrent UTI (rUTI) based on recent research dealing with pathophysiology of the disease. Although urine is considered sterile, recent studies dealing with microbiome have proposed different ideas. UTIs have typically been considered as extracellular infections, but recently, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has been shown to bind and replicate in the urothelium to make intracellular bacterial communities. Binding UPECs might proceed in many ways including extracellular expulsion for clearance or survival and quiescent intracellular reservoirs that can cause rUTI. Moreover, it is also suggested that other important factors, such as lipopolysaccharide and multimicrobial infection, can be the cause of rUTI. This review article reveals a key mechanism of recurrence and discusses what makes a pathway of resolution or recurrence in a host after initial infection.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common infectious disease and are mainly caused by Escherichia coli. In this review, we introduce the current concept of recurrent UTI (rUTI) based on recent research dealing with pathophysiology of the disease. Although urine is considered sterile, recent studies dealing with microbiome have proposed different ideas. UTIs have typically been considered as extracellular infections, but recently, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) has been shown to bind and replicate in the urothelium to make intracellular bacterial communities. Binding UPECs might proceed in many ways including extracellular expulsion for clearance or survival and quiescent intracellular reservoirs that can cause rUTI. Moreover, it is also suggested that other important factors, such as lipopolysaccharide and multimicrobial infection, can be the cause of rUTI. This review article reveals a key mechanism of recurrence and discusses what makes a pathway of resolution or recurrence in a host after initial infection.

OBJECTIVE: Low-income adults are considered to be a group at high risk for suicide. We sought to examine the effect of type D personality and other socio-demographic factors on suicidality in low-income, middle-aged Koreans. METHODS: In total, 306 low-income, middle-aged Koreans [age: 49.16+/-5.24 (40-59) years, 156 males, 150 females] were enrolled from the Korean National Basic Livelihood Security System. Socio-demographic data, including employment status, income, health, marital status, and educational attainment, were gathered. Beck's 19-item Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI) was applied to evaluate suicidality, and the DS14 was used to assess type D personality. RESULTS: Unemployment (p<0.01) and absence of spouse (p=0.03) predicted higher SSI scores independent of other socioeconomic factors. All type D personality scores [i.e., negative affectivity (NA), social inhibition (SI), and total score] predicted higher SSI scores independent of all socioeconomic factors (all, p<0.001). Subjects with type D personality had higher SSI scores (p<0.001), and the association between suicidality and socio-demographic factors (employment or physical health) could be found only in subjects without type D personality. CONCLUSION: Type D personality was a risk factor for suicide in low-income Koreans, independently from socio-economic factors. In addition, the socio-demographic factors were less prominently associated with suicidality in those with type D personality.
Adult* ; Employment ; Humans ; Male ; Marital Status ; Risk Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Spouses ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; Type D Personality* ; Unemployment