Vascular dementia is one of the few remediable causes of dementia among the eldery. Prevention of the disease can be best achieved by primary or secondary prevention of controllable risk factors for strokes. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment prior to the dementia stage is essential to the prevention and treatment of vascular dementia. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods for prevention of vascular dementia are listed in this article. Recent epidemiologic data, suggesting a direct correlation between vascular risk factors and Alzheimer type dementia, emphasized the importance of controlling vascular risk factors in the prevention of dementia. Treatment strategies for patients diagnosed as vascular dementia are also discussed. Several clinical trials for symptomatic improvement of vascular dementia are ongoing and their success can be a hope to patients with vascular dementia.
Alzheimer Disease ; Cognition Disorders ; Dementia ; Dementia, Vascular* ; Diagnosis ; Hope ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Secondary Prevention ; Stroke

No abstract available.
Cell Line* ; Chromosome Aberrations* ; Cytogenetics* ; Humans* ; Neuroblastoma*

Some of the techniques for bone grafting for delayed union or nonunion of the long bone are used currently. In 1991, at arthroscopy workshop in Phoenix, Arizona, Lanny L. Johnson, M.D. reported a case of endoscopic bone grafting for the delayed union on the humerus. He suggested the possibilities of endoscopic bone grafting such as minimal incision, magnified visualization, accurate debridement, accurate graft placement, vascular preservation, outpatient surgery and reduced cost. The author performed endoscopic bone grafting and extra-articular adhesionlysis on the delayed union of femur with extra-articular ankylosis. The patient was a 28 year old housewife with blood type Rh(-). The duration after initial operation was more than 9 months. The result of the graft was satisfactory. In the future endoscopic bone grafting could be performed for nonunion, delayed union and congenital bone defect.
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures ; Ankylosis ; Arizona ; Arthroscopy ; Bone Transplantation ; Debridement ; Education ; Femur ; Humans ; Humerus ; Transplants

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is the most common condition requiring abdominal surgery in early infancy, and is caused by hypertrophied pyloric muscle. The development of successful surgical treatment in the early 1900s by Fredet and Ramstedt made it possible for infants worldwide to survive. Modern pediatric anesthetic techniques have virtually eliminated mortality from surgical management. Atropine sulfate is a cholinergic blocking agent with potent antimuscarinic activity that decreases peristaltic contractions by relaxing smooth muscles. We treated two cases of IHPS with incomplete pyloromyotomy in 3-month-old and 5-month-old male infants by administering atropine sulfate intravenously. They were free from vomiting after 5 days of intravenous atropine sulfate treatment. In these rare cases of persistent vomiting or refractory emesis following incomplete pyloromyotomy, there may be a role for atropine sulfate.
Atropine* ; Constriction, Pathologic* ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mortality ; Muscle, Smooth ; Pyloric Stenosis, Hypertrophic ; Vomiting*

We examined the anatomical position of the mental foramina in mandibles foramen normal adult Koreans. 1. The percentages obtained from the study of the relationships between the mental foramen and the lower teeth showed that the most common location was type lv in which the mental foramen lay at the apex of the second promolar. The foramen between thr apices of ice two premolars (type lll) and the foramen between the second premolar and the first molar (type v) occured often and less often rspectively and find no foramen mesial to the first premolar or at the apex of the first premolar and posterior of the first molar (type l, ll, vl). 2. The study of relationship of the mental foramen to the bo of the mandible revealed that mental foramen was situated closer to the lowed border of the mandibular body. The distance ratio between the mental foramen and the alveolar crest to that between the mental foramen and the lower border was approximately 1.2 : 1. The height of the mandibular body was 31.09±2.80mm on the left side and 30.97±2.48mm on the right. 3. The distance from the mandibular symphysis to the anterior border of the mental foramen measured 29.52±2.01mm on the left, 30.82±2.04mm on the right side, and from the mandibular symphysis to the posterior border of the mandibular ramus was 104.20±4.74mm on the left, 105.44±4.49mm on the right side. It indicates that the mental foramen lies approximately at one-fourth of the distance from the mandibular symphysis to 2017-04-19 the posterior border of the ramus. 4. The distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the bottom of the lower second premolar socket was found to be positive. It was 5.46±3.09mm on the left, 5.73±3.03mm on the right side. This indicates that the bottom of the lower second premolar socket is slightly higher than the superior border of the mental foramen.
Adult* ; Bicuspid ; Humans ; Ice ; Mandible* ; Molar ; Tooth

BACKGROUND: To find out characteristics and classification of toxic agents by clinical analysis of pediatric poisoning and to determine the clinical availability of grading by using MSPC score. METHOD: Subjects were patients under 15 years exposed to toxic agents, who visited Ajou university hospital emergency center from June, 1994 to October, 1997. The study was performed retrospectively. RESULTS: The subjects were 126 cases and male to female sex ratio was 1.2:1. Mean age was 29+/-30 months old. The most common route of exposure was ingestion, following contact, inhalation and bite. The most common reason was mistake by the patient, following mistake by caregiver, suicide attempt and accident. The MSPC score distribution of symptomatic patient was as follows; 1 point: 26 cases(63.4%), 2 point: 12 cases(29.2%), 3 point: 1 case(2.4%), 4 point: 2 cases(4.8%). The classification of exposed poison was as follows; therapeutic drugs: 29 cases(23.0%), non-therapeutic drugs: 97 cases(73.0%). The most common exposed poison was household products: 23 patients(18.3%) were admitted to hospital. CONCLUSION: There was statistically significant difference in the classification of poison, MSPC score, treatment modality at hospital, first follow up period after discharge between admitted group and non-admitted group. There was statistically significant difference in the reason of exposure, route of exposure, MSPC score, admission period according to patient's age. severity grading according to MSPC score is regarded as an available method to determine the modality of management.
Caregivers ; Classification ; Eating ; Emergencies ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Household Products ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Male ; Poisoning* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Ratio ; Suicide

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A variety of sensory disturbances such as tingling, numbness, muscle cramp, pain and burning are recognized in Parkinson's disease. There is a hypothesis that sensory symptoms of Parkinson's disease could be related to "release" of sensory centers from extrapyramidal systems. We investigated the characteristic features of sensory symptoms in Parkinsonian patients and the possibilities that sensory symptoms may be related to dopaminergic pathways. METHODS: We included 130 patients with Parkinson's disease. The patients with medical illness such as diabetes, arthritis or musculoskeletal disease were excluded. We studied 38 Parkinsonian patients with sensory complaints using electrophysiologic studies and neuroimaging. RESULTS: 1) Thirty-eight(29.2%) of 130 Parkinsonian patients(mean age ; 57.9 +/- 10.1 ; 13 men, 25 women) had sensory symptoms. 2) Among thirty-eight Parkinsonian patients with sensory symptoms, 19 patients had pain, 10 tingling sensation, 3 burning sense, and 2 muscle cramp. 3) The arm and leg were most common sites for sensory symptoms 4) Sensory complaints preceded motor symptoms in 17 patients(21.1 +/- 19.1 months) and followed in 13 patients(26.7 +/- 41.9 months). 5) In 25 patients(66%), sensory symptoms were improved with levodopa. 6) There was no significant correlation between sensory symptoms and motor disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Many Parkinsonian patients had various sensory complaints as well as motor symptoms. In some patients, sensory symptoms preceded motor disabilities. It was also suggested that sensory symptoms in some patients with Parkinson's disease be related to dopaminergic pathways.
Arm ; Arthritis ; Burns ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Leg ; Levodopa ; Male ; Muscle Cramp ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Neuroimaging ; Parkinson Disease* ; Sensation

No abstract available.
Spina Bifida Occulta*

Three cases of necrotizing vasculitis clinically showing bullous skin lesions and histopathologically confirmed as leukocytoclastic vasculitis are reported. Compared with those of skin -limited non-bullous forms of cutaneous vasculitis, these cases showed relatively frequent abnormalities in urinalysis and required more aggresive corticosteriod therapy. Clinicians should be aware of the possible systemic involvements when the skin lesions are bullous in cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis.
Skin* ; Urinalysis ; Vasculitis*

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the change of the left atrial appendage function before and after electrical cardioversion to understand the mechanism involved in systemic thromboembolism of atrial fibrillation. BACKGROUND: Systemic thromboembolism associated with electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is thought to originate from the left atrium or left atrial appendage, or both.However, the mechanism involved is poorly understood. METHOD: We studied left atrial appendage function funcction with transesophageal echocardiography in 15 patients with atrial fibrillation before and after successful electrical cardioversion. We measured left atrial appendage emptying and filling velocities and left atrial appendage areas. Also we analysed the characteristic Dopper flow pattern of LAA. RESULT: Left atrial appendage emptying velocities before cardioversion were greater in patients without(32.0+/-13.2cm/sec) than in those with(21.4+/-7.6cm/sec) spontaneous echo contrast(SEC). Furthermore emptying velocities after cardioversion were significantly reduced group with (21.4+/-7.6 vs 12.2+/-9.6, p<0.05) and the groupwithout(32.0+/-13.2 vs 18.1+/-10.2, p<0.05)SEC. CONCLUSION: After electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation left atrial appendage function is impaired. These observations suggest that stunned left atrial appendage after cardioversion may predispose to thrombus formation, which may play a role in the mechanism involved in the occurrence of thromboembolism after cardioversion.
Atrial Appendage* ; Atrial Fibrillation* ; Echocardiography, Transesophageal* ; Electric Countershock* ; Heart Atria ; Humans ; Thromboembolism ; Thrombosis