PURPOSE: This study analyzed the degree of job stress and caffeine intake in workers in industrial positions in order to determine the relationships between job stress and caffeine intake. METHODS: For this purpose, this study conducted a survey targeting 361 blue collar workers working for K manufacturing company, Gwangju. RESULTS: The total score for job stress in subjects was 72.7 ± 6.8 points/100 points. According to job stress, subjects were categorized as follows: Q1 for the group who had the least stress; Q2 for the group who had little stress; Q3 for the group who had a lot of stress, and Q4 for the group who had the most stress. As for the effects of caffeine on health, 57.1% thought that caffeine is helpful and not harmful if taken properly while 17.3% responded that less caffeine consumption is better. Daily intake of caffeine according to stress was presented as: 172.0 ± 85.3 mg in Q1, 179.0 ± 83.7 mg in Q2, 187.9 ± 81.4 mg in Q3, and 214.2 ± 147.3 mg in Q4 (p < 0.05). The percentages of caffeine consumption compared to the daily safe limit in subjects were: 43.0 ± 21.3, 44.8 ± 20.9, 47.1 ± 20.4, and 53.6 ± 36.8% in Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, respectively (p < 0.05). Adverse effects such as nausea or vomiting from caffeine were most common in Q4 (p < 0.05) CONCLUSION: As a result, higher stress in blue collar workers working for K manufacturing company was associated with more caffeine consumption. Groups with a lot of stress (Q4) consumed approximately 50% of daily safe limit of caffeine. Considering the results above, this study suggests that further research on more precise caffeine intake and its effects is needed.
Caffeine* ; Gwangju ; Nausea ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Animals ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve ; Transplants

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), especially multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB and extensively drug resistant (XDR)-TB, poses a serious threat to global health because it requires treatment for a long duration and frequent hospitalization, and results in a considerable number of mortalities. In South Korea, MDR is observed in 2.7% of newly diagnosed TB cases and in 14% of re-treatment cases. In addition, 5~20% of MDR-TB could be categorized as XDR-TB. Treatment regimen for MDR or XDR-TB should include 4~5 drugs susceptible to isolated tuberculous bacilli and should be maintained at least 18 months after culture conversion. Pertinent combination of anti-TB drugs and solid compliance are the basis of successful treatment for MDR and XDR-TB patients.
Compliance ; Drug Resistance ; Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Republic of Korea ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

The bone graft materials can be grossly divided into autogenous bone, allogenic bone, xenogenic bone, and alloplastic material. Much care was given to other bone graft materials away from autogenous bone due to its additional operation for harvesting, delayed resorption and limitation of quantity. Demineralized freeze-dried bone(DFDB) and hydroxyapatite are the representatives of bone graft materials. As resorbable hydroxyapatite is developed in these days, the disadvantage of nonresorbability can be overcome. So we planned to study on the strength and the bone formation at the rats calvarial defects of DFDB graft and those of the composite graft with DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite. We used the 16 male rats weighting range from 250 to 300 gram bred under the same environment during same period. After we made the 6mm diameter calvarial defect, we filled the DFDB in 8 rats and DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite in another 8 rats. We sacrificed them at the postoperative 1 month and 2 months with the periostium observed. As soon as the specimens were delivered, we measured the compressive forces to break the normal calvarial area and the newly formed bone in calvarial defect area using Instron (Model Autograph S-2000, Shimadzu, Japan). The rest of the specimens were stained with H&E(Hematoxylin & Eosin) and evaluated with the light microscope. So we got the following results. 1. In every rats, there was no significant difference between the measured forces of normal bone area and those of the bone graft area. 2. In 1 month, the measured forces at DFDB graft group were higher than those of the DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group(P<0.05). 3. In 2 months, there was no significant differences between the measured forces of DFDB graft group and those of the DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group. 4. In lightmicroscopic examination, most of the grafted DFDB were transformed into bone in 1 month and a large numbers of hydroxyapatite crystal were observed in DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group in 1 month. 5. Both group showed no inflammatory reaction in 1 month. And hydroxyapatite crystals had a tight junction without soft tissue invagination when consolidated with newly formed bone. 6. In both groups, newly formed bone showed the partial bone remodeling and the lamellar bone structures and some of reversal lines were observed in 2 months. From the above results, it is suggested that DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group had a better resistance to compressive force in early stage than DFDB graft group, but there would be no significant difference between two groups after some period. And it is suggested that the early stage of bone formation procedure of DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group was slight slower than that of DFDB graft group, but there would be no significant difference between two groups after some period.
Animals ; Bone Remodeling ; Durapatite* ; Humans ; Male ; Osteogenesis* ; Rats* ; Tight Junctions ; Transplants*

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness and safety in the labor induction between the high dose oxytocin method and the new low dose oxytocin method. STUDY DESIGN: Firstly, we selected 125 pregnant women hospitalized, having the indication of labor induction from March, 1995 to August, 1996. Of them, we selected 61 pregnant women tothem the high dose oxytocin method was used, as the control group, and in- creased the quantity of 2.5 mU/min every 20 minutes with the start dose of 2.5 mU/min to them. On the other hand, with the start dose of 1.25 mU/min, we increased the quantity of 1.25 mU/min every 20 minutes to the study group of low dose oxytocin method, 64 pregnant women. RESULTS: No statistical significance was found in the time from the effective uterine contraction to the delivery in the study group, in contrast to that of the control group to them the labor induction was conducted by using the high dose oxytocin. Maximum amount used to the high dose oxytocin was significantly more than that of the low dose oxytacin, but in the total given dose, there was no significant difference between two groups. Maxi- mum uterine contraction of the control group did not show any significant. difference from that of the study group, and there was also no significant difference in the frequency of generating the complications such as fetal distress. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the labor.induction -to delivery time, and the complications of fetus, between the existing high dose oxytocin method and the new low dose oxytocin method. Therefore it is thought the low dose oxytocin method may reduce the possibility of a complieation compared with the high dose oxytocin method. However, it is considered this matter must be investigated further in the futrre.
Female ; Fetal Distress ; Fetus ; Hand ; Humans ; Oxytocin* ; Pregnant Women ; Uterine Contraction

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the association between stress from shift and non-shift work as well as the effects living habits have on eating habits in order to identify why and how workers can improve their health and form proper eating habits for higher working efficiency. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 361 workers from K manufacturing company from April 7 to 11, 2014 and they were surveyed using a questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups according to working pattern: shift workers (n = 216) and non-shift workers (n = 110). RESULTS: In the general characteristics, there were significant differences in age, work career, work time, marriage, monthly income, and education levels between the two groups. For healthy behaviors, significant differences in subjective health status, moderate physical activity, drinking, smoking, and sleep time were observed between shift workers and non-shift workers. For eating habits, scores of non-shift workers having a regular mealtime, balanced meal composition, and vegetable and seaweed intakes were significantly higher than those of shift workers. The sum score of dietary habits in non-shift workers was also significantly lower than that in shift workers (p < 0.05). Total job stress score did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The sum of eating habit scores according to work types was 16.1 ± 0.6 in non-shift workers and 14.0 ± 0.3 in shift workers. These results suggest that it is necessary to provide food suitable to characteristics of different workers according to work type which should be provided along with daily nutrition counseling to help subjects recognize their status.
Counseling ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Drinking ; Eating* ; Education ; Food Habits ; Gwangju* ; Marriage ; Meals ; Motor Activity ; Seaweed ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vegetables

BACKGROUND: The percutaneous pleural needle biopsy have been regarded as cornerstone in the diagnosis of lymphocyte dominant pleural effusions of which acid fast bacilli smear and cytologic exam was negative. However, the complications of percutaneous pleural needle biopsy is not rare arid its diagnostic efficacy is not always satisfactory. Recently, pleural fluid adenosine deaminase (ADA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are widely accepted as markers of tuberculous pleurisy arid malignant pleural effusion respectively. We designed this study to re-evaluate the role of percutaneous pleural needle biopsy in the diagnosis of lymphocyte dominant exudative pleural effusions whose APE smear, cytologic exam was negative. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 73 cases of percutaneous pleural needle biopsy in case of lymphocyte dominant exudative pleural effusions whose AFB smear and cytoloic exam was negative from Jan 1994 to Feb 1996 was done. RESULT: In 35 cases, specific diagnosis was obtained(all cases were tuberculous pleurisy), arid in 3(1 cases specific diagnosis was not obtained in spite of getting adequate pleural tissues, and in the other 8 cases, percutaneous pleural biopsy failed to get pleural tissues. In 9 cases, complications were combined including pneuomothorax and hemothorax. All 49 cases of pleural effusions whose ADA value was higher than 40IU/L and satisfying other categories were finally diagnosed as tuberculous pleurisy, however, the pleural biopsy confirmed only 28 cases as tuberculous pleurisy. In 6 cases of pleural effusions of which CEA value is higher than l0ng/ml, the pleural biopsy made specific diagnosis n no case. Final diagnosis of above 6 cases consisted of 4 malignant of fusions, I malignancy associated effusion and I tuberculous pleurisy. CONCLUSION: In the diagnosis of 73 cases of lymphocyte dominant pleural effusions of which acid fast bacilli smear and cytologic exam was negative, percutaneous pleural biopsy diagnosed only in 35 cases. In the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy, the positive predictive value of higher ADA than 40 IU/L in lymphocyte dominant pleural effusion with negative AFB smear and negative cytologic exam was l00%. And the diagnostic efficacy of pleural biopsy was 57%. In cases of effusions with high CEA than 10ng/ml 83% and 0% respectively. Finally, we concluded that percutaneous pleural needle biopsy in the diagnosis of APE smear negative and cytologic exam negative lymphocyte dominant exudative pleural effusion was not obligatory especially in effusions with high ADA and low CEA value.
Adenosine Deaminase ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Needle* ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; Diagnosis* ; Hemothorax ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Lymphocytes* ; Needles* ; Pleural Effusion* ; Pleural Effusion, Malignant ; Retrospective Studies ; Tuberculosis, Pleural

Tuberculous (TB) pleuritis is the second most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Because the yield of pleural fluid mycobacterial culture is as low as 20% and the pleural biopsy is rather invasive, the measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been a cornerstone of the diagnosis of TB pleuritis. If the ADA level of pleural fluid is higher than 70 IU/L, the diagnosis of TB pleuritis can be made safely. The treatment is based on a standard short course anti-TB treatment starting with isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Although systemic steroids and drainage of pleural fluid have been tried to reduce the residual pleural thickening, the results are contradicting.
Adenosine Deaminase ; Biopsy ; Drainage ; Ethambutol ; Isoniazid ; Pleural Effusion ; Pleurisy ; Pyrazinamide ; Rifampin ; Steroids ; Tuberculosis

Eight years before the Robert Koch's identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, which is the firstly identified nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), was reported by G.H. Armauer Hansen in 1874. Thereafter a total of 71 species of Mycobacterium have been recognized or proposed. Despite the fact that NTM have been occasionally identified from clinical specimens, it is only recently that they draw a serious attention. In Korea, the frequency of isolation of NTM increased from 448 in 1992 to 1562 in 2002, while the prevalence of active tuberculosis over the same period decreased from 1.8% to 0.5%. The most commonly isolated NTM was M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) throughout the period of 1992~2002. M. abscessus was the second common, followed by M. fortuitum, M. gordonae and M. kansasii. In this article, we will overview the NTM-related lung diseases in terms of their diagnosis, clinical characteristics,and treatment.
Diagnosis* ; Gordonia Bacterium ; Korea ; Lung Diseases* ; Mycobacterium ; Mycobacterium leprae ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ; Prevalence ; Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: The importance of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β), have been extensively documented in the generation of inflammatory lung disease. Lung epithelial cells are also actively involved in initiating and maintaining inflammation by producing pro-inflammatory mediators. Understanding the mechanism of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in lung epithelial cells is crucial to the development of new therapeutic modalities for inflammatory lung disease. Transcription of most pro-inflammatory cytokines is dependent on the actiation of NF-κB. However, the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and NF-κB/IκB pathway in lung epithelial cells is not clear. METHODS: BEAS-2B, A549, NCI-H719 cells were stimulated with IL-1β or TNF-α at various times, and then IL-8 and TNF-αmRNA expressions were assayed by Northern blot analysis. IL-1β or TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation was assessed by the nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB subunit. The degradation of IκBα and IκBβ by IL-1βor TNF-α stimulation was assayed by Western blot analysis. The phosphorylation of IκBαwas evaluated by Western blot analysis after pre-treating cells with proteasome inhibitor followed by IL-1β or TNF-α stimulation. The basal level of IKKα expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: IκBαand IκBβ was repidly degraded after 5 minutes of incubation with IL-1β or TNF-α in BEAS-2B, A549, and NCI-H157 cells. The activation of NF-κB and the induction of IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA expressions were observed by IL-1β or TNF-α stimulation in these cells. In contrast, neither the changes in NF-κB/IκB pathway nor IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA expression was induces by IL-1β or TNF-α stimulation in NCI-H719 cell. IL-1β and TNF-α-induced IκB phoshorylation was observed in BEAS-2B, A549, and NCI-H157 cells, but not in NCI-H719 cells. The basal level of IKKα expression was not different between cells. CONCLUSION: NF-κB/IκB pathway plays an important role in the ixpression of pro-inflammatory cytokine in most lung epithelial cells. The absence of the effect on NF-κB/IκB pathway in NCI-H719 cells seems to be due to the defect in the intracellular signal transduction pathway upstream to IKK.
Blotting, Northern ; Blotting, Western ; Cytokines ; Epithelial Cells* ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-8 ; Lung Diseases ; Lung* ; Phosphorylation ; Proteasome Inhibitors ; RNA, Messenger ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha