No abstract available.

Augmentation mammoplasty can be done in various manners according to the way of approach. the type of implant or implatation site depending on the status and demand of the patients or the operator's preferrence. In reviewing the many published reports about augmentation mammoplasty, they compare their surgical outcomes with mixed factors, so it is difficult to compare the results of mammoplasty simply with one factor under the same conditions. We think that analyzing the surgical results with one consistent method enables to compare and decide the influencing effect of one factor within it in augmentation mammoplasty. We could find the fact that the Korean women who wanted augmentation mammoplasty had same physical characteristics and demands, so developed the standardized method of augmentation mammoplasty among those debatable data for the purpose of increasing the patients' satisfaction, decreasing the complications, and shortening the operation time. The method we adopted was placing the implant through transaxillary subpectoral approach and using the endoscope auxiliarily in additional dissection and hemostasis. We employed saline-filled implants of round, textured type with the size ranging fro 125cc to 175cc and overinflated them by 10 to 30% beyond its original volume. After irrigation of the dissected pocket, we placed the suction drainage system into the subpectoral pocket. We educated the patients to massage their breasts right after removal of the drain. During the period of follow-up (from 6 months to 24 months), most of the patients were satisfied with their operative results. Though we experienced one case of capsular contracture, one case of malposition of the implant, and three cases of scar contracture on axillar incision site, as a whole, we could minimize the complications associated with augmentation mammoplasty. We present our postoperative results with the conclusion that our standardized method of augmentation mammoplasty can bring results of high satisfaction rate, minimal complication, predictability of postoperative results, shortening of operation time when applied consistently to the Korean patients whose physical characteristics are similar. We also hope that stanadardized method can be used to compare the influencing effect of many factors in the case of changing one factor within the standardized in the future follow up period.
Breast ; Cicatrix ; Contracture ; Endoscopes ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemostasis ; Hope ; Humans ; Mammaplasty* ; Massage ; Suction

Anthracosis is a very common disease of the bronchus, while anthracosis of the gastrointestinal tract is extremely rare. Only a few cases of anthracosis of the esophagus have been reported and no cases of anthracosis of the terminal ileum are known, except one patient in Korea who was described as having melanosis ilei. A black pigmented lesion was detected in the terminal ileum on colonoscopic examination of a 51-year-old woman. Histological examination revealed a pigmented lesion beneath the mucosal epithelial layer and lymphoid follicular hyperplasia. The lesion consisted of an aggregation of histiocytes containing abundant tiny black pigments. She has taken oral charcoal for 7 years. We diagnosed anthracosis of the terminal ileum caused by oral charcoal and report a case of charcoal-induced anthracosis of the terminal ileum.
Anthracosis ; Bronchi ; Charcoal ; Esophagus ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Histiocytes ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Ileum ; Korea ; Melanosis ; Middle Aged

No abstract available.
Colon* ; Diverticulitis*

PURPOSE: To compare the keratometry obtained from optical low-coherence reflectometry (Lenstar LS900®), autokeratometer (KR-8100®), and topography (Medmont E300®) in children. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in 316 eyes of 160 subjects. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to age. Group 1 was younger than 10 years, group 2 was older than 10 years and younger than 18 years, and group 3 was older than 18 years. Subjects were tested using the Lenstar LS900®, KR-8100®, and Medmont E300®. Comparisons were made for steep K, flat K, mean K, and astigmatism among three groups. Agreement among the 3 devices was examined using the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: The keratometry measured by Medmont E300® was highest, followed by that of Lenstar LS900® and KR-8100® in all 3 groups. Almost all keratometry was significantly different among the 3 devices except for the flat K measured by LS900® and KR-8100® in all 3 groups and flat K measured by KR-8100® and Medmont E300® in Group 3 (p < 0.05). With regard to mean K, the agreement between Lenstar LS900® and KR-8100® was better than that between the other two pairs in both Groups 1 and 2, while agreement between Lenstar LS900® and Medmont E300® was better in Group 3. The agreement between KR-8100® and Medmont E300® was worse than that between the other two pairs in Groups 1 and 3, while the agreement between Lenstar LS900® and Medmont E300® was worse in Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences in keratometry among the 3 devices in all 3 groups. In children, Medmont E300® showed relatively less agreement compared with the other two devices. In adults, however, the agreement between 2 devices showed variable results. Consideration of the keratometry measurement from Lenstar LS900®, KR-8100®, and Medmont E300® might be helpful to estimate accurate corneal keratometry in children.
Adult ; Astigmatism ; Child* ; Humans ; Methods ; Retrospective Studies

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by the mucorales, which consist of the Rhizophus, Absidia, Mortierella, and Mucor. The diverse clinical forms of mucormycosis can be categorized as rhinocerebral, pulmonary, disseminated, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and miscellaneous. Although it can cause disease in healthy people, it most commonly affects patients who are diabetic or immunosup-pressed. Rarely, mucormycosis develops confined to the subcutaneous tissue. We experienced a case of cutaneous mucormycosis developed in a well-controlled diabetic patient who had previously injected foreign material on her face for an aesthetic purpose at the behest of an unlicensed physician. The patient had tissue necrosis and purulent discharge on her left cheek. Following histologic examination, we diagnosed the condition as cutaneous mucormycosis and treated it by wide excision combined with amphotericin B therapy. The disease was cured without any significant sequelae within 6 months of follow up. Cutaneous mucormycosis is rarely reported but it can cause facial deformity due to tissue necrosis, so that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important. Currently, foreign material injection for aesthetic purposes is still performed by unlicensed physicians. We present a case report concluding that one should consider the possibility of fungal infection in skin lesion in diabetic or other immunosup-pressed patients. We also emphasize the seriousness of illegal injection of foreign material.
Absidia ; Amphotericin B ; Cheek ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Early Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mortierella ; Mucor ; Mucorales ; Mucormycosis* ; Necrosis ; Paraffin* ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Tissue

No abstract available.
Epithelium* ; Humans* ; Insulin*

The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of meal and dietary habits of college students according to where they reside. This survey included 260 students and was conducted through questionnaires. The subjects were divided into three groups: first group was composed of students who reside in boarding-houses(BH group, N=72), second was students who reside in self-boarding set up(SB group, N=90), and third was those who lived in the same house with their parents(HWP group, N=98). The average age of the students in the BH, SB, and HWP group were 19.7 yrs, 21.1 yrs, and 21.7 yrs, respectively. There were no significant differences in the weight, height and BMI among the three groups. The BH group had significantly higher frequency of skipping breakfast and smoking than those of the SB and HWP groups. The amount of energy, food, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals consumed in the BH group were significantly higher than in the SB and HWP groups. Similarly, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), ND(nutrient density) and INQ(index of nutritional quality) of the BH group were significantly higher than those in the SB and HWP groups. There was no significant difference in the KDDS(Korean's Diet Diversity Score) between the three groups. From the data obtained, the SB and HWP students appeared to have more dietary problems than the BH students. These results show that nutrition education for SB and HWP students is needed in order for them to learn proper dietary management and help improve the diet of students living in self-boarding arrangements.
Breakfast ; Carbohydrates ; Diet ; Education ; Fats ; Food Habits ; Gangwon-do* ; Humans ; Meals ; Minerals ; Nutritional Status* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vitamins

BACGROUND: The accuracy and efficiency of a job performed by hospital employee can be linked directly with patients' health and life. It is considered that their irregular work and stress are relatively high as compared with other workplaces. In this article we tried to look into how job stress, working environment and factors of life-style influence sleep problems in hospital employees. METHODS: This research was conducted among 248 workers of a hospital in Busan on April, 2002. Sleep problems were categorized into insomnia, sleep deprivation, daytime sleepiness and snoring on the basis of the factor analysis of 11-item questions. The job stress was proposed by Karasek, etc., and measured by 14-item modified questions. The statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Statistically insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness showed a significant increase in women (OR:2.1/2.69/3.16) and shift workers (OR:4.67/3.28/1.98) and snoring showed a significant increase in obesity (OR:5.0) and smokers (OR:2.34). CONCLUSION: This research showed that many hospital employees perceive sleep disorders as critical. Especially, work shift seemed to be an important risk factor for sleep disorders.
Busan ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Snoring

OBJECTIVE: The involvement of IGF system in hyperandrogenism and abnormal follicular development is controversial. This study is to assess whether IGF system contribute to it in the women with polycystic ovary(PCO). METHODS: Baseline serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), androstenedione (ADD), prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-I, free IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein(IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 were measured in twelve healthy regularly cycling volunteers and forty-two women with PCO then, the changes of baseline serum levels were evaluated after laparoscopic ovarian electrocauterization in nine PCO patients. In addition, the expression pattern of IGF-I and IGF-II was examined in the ovary of control and PCO group. RESULTS: Baseline levels of LH, ADD, free IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 were significantly higher in PCO group. However, there were no significant differences in the levels of free IGF-I and IGFBP-1, although free IGF-I showed decreasing tendency in PCO group. And there was a significant positive correlation between the LH and free IGF-II level in the PCO(P=0.011, r2=0.3899), but not in the control. After ovarian electrocauterization, LH, T, and ADD levels decreased, and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 level increased. While free IGF-II and IGFBP-1 level showed no significant changes. In the ovary, expression of both IGFs showed similar pattern in normal and PCO ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated IGFBP-3 level may alter the bioavailability of IGF(s) in the PCO. The change in IGF-I level and resumption of ovulation after electrocauterization, suggest a possible role of IGF system in the impairment of follicular development in the PCO.
Androstenedione ; Biological Availability ; Carrier Proteins* ; Estradiol ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Humans ; Hyperandrogenism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Ovary* ; Ovulation ; Prolactin ; Somatomedins* ; Testosterone ; Thyrotropin ; Volunteers