Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are major components of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we aimed at investigating the prevalence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in very mild to mild Alzheimer’s disease. Forty-four patients with Alzheimer’s disease who visited the neurology outpatient clinic of Seoul Medical Center were included. A trained neurologist or a supervised test technician administered the neuropsychological test, the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery including Mini Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating. The instrument used for assessing behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia was Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire. In order of prevalence, apathy, depression, irritability, anxiety, and agitation were the most common symptoms occurring in very mild-to-mild Alzheimer’s disease group. The prevalence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were found to be in positive correlation with the Clinical Dementia Rating scores. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are found even in the very early stage of Alzheimer’s disease, apathy and depression being the most common symptoms. Physicians should be aware of this when managing dementia patients.

Bilateral calcifications of the basal ganglia, the thalami, the dentate nuclei of the cerebellum, and the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere characterize Fahr's disease. The common clinical manifestations of the disease are movement disorders accompanied by cognitive impairment and mood disorder. Herein we report a case of Fahr's disease with atypical clinical manifestations. The patient was a 48 year-old man who presented with behavioral changes. His neurological examination showed no focal neurological deficits except for frontal dysfunctions. Abnormal involuntary movement was absent. Neuroimaging work-ups were compatible with Fahr's disease.
Basal Ganglia ; Cerebellum ; Cerebrum ; Dyskinesias ; Frontal Lobe* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Mood Disorders ; Movement Disorders ; Neuroimaging ; Neurologic Examination

Lumbar puncture is a simple bedside procedure that is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of several neurologic diseases. Known complications include headache, backache, infection, and hemorrhage, with the most common being postpuncture headache. We report a case of postpuncture spinal subdural hematoma-which is extremely rare-in a 29-year-old female. Although most cases of postpuncture spinal hematomas are associated with coagulation abnormalities, this case shows that it can occur in the absence of predisposing factors.
Back Pain ; Female ; Headache ; Hematoma ; Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Spinal Puncture

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to analyze the change in the obesity index in girls receiving a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), based on treatment duration, and to aid in nutritional counseling by investigating dietary habits and lifestyle. METHODS: Anthropometric examinations were conducted on 62 girls treated with GnRHa from January 2010 through July 2014. Parents were asked to fill out questionnaires on patient dietary habits and lifestyle. RESULTS: The group taking GnRHa for over 1 year had a higher rate of obesity increase than the group taking GnRHa for less than 1 year, but they had common habits related to obesity, which should be corrected. In addition, 69.2% of the normal weight group taking GnRHa for over 1 year gained weight, and needed more intensive programs, which include physical exercise and nutritional education. Although girls with precocious puberty showed a decrease in the intake of high-calorie foods with nutritional intervention regardless of treatment duration, they still had problems that needed improvement, such as shorter meals and lack of exercise. CONCLUSION: Girls with precocious puberty and their parents should emphasize maintenance of proper body weight, especially when treatment for over 1 year is anticipated. Consistent education in nutrition, ways to increase intensity and duration of physical activity, and the need to slow down mealtimes are important in managing obesity; doctors need to perform regular checkups and provide nutritional counseling.
Body Weight ; Counseling ; Education ; Exercise ; Female* ; Food Habits* ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Humans ; Life Style* ; Meals ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Parents ; Puberty, Precocious*

No abstract available.
Abdominal Wall ; Herpes Zoster

Syncopes are the most common non-epileptic attacks mimicking epileptic seizures. Among them, cardiogenic syncope is potentially life threatening. A 49 year old man was refered for the recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness with tonic posture and upward eyes deviation. The electrocardiogram showed polymorphologic ventricular tachycardia during attacks, which normalized after that. He was treated with isoproterenol and symptoms subsided. Here, we report a case of ventricular tachycardia manifested as epileptic seizures.
Electrocardiography ; Epilepsy* ; Isoproterenol ; Posture ; Seizures ; Syncope ; Tachycardia, Ventricular* ; Unconsciousness

BACKGROUND: The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cerebral vessels have not been clarified until now. Thus we investigated the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation on cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance via transcranial doppler (TCD). METHODS: Consecutive twenty patients (13 male and 7 female) with at least 1 cerebrovascular risk factor or a known cerebrovascular disease were enrolled. Patients were treated with omega-3 PUFAs (1 g, two times per day) for 12 weeks. Cerebral blood flow velocity, resistance index, and pulsatile index were checked before and after 12 weeks of treatment using TCD. RESULTS: The change of resistance index in right MCA (from 0.58 +/- 0.07 to 0.55 +/- 0.07, p = 0.042) and left PCA (from 0.56 +/- 0.07 to 0.53 +/- 0.06, p = 0.037) showed significant improvement after 12 weeks of omega-3 PUFAs treatment. The changes in other vessels, however, failed to show any significant changes compared to the baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 PUFAs treatment showed feasible efficacies for cerebral vascular resistances in this open label trial. To confirm these results, larger samples of patients and longer period of follow-up is warranted.
Blood Flow Velocity ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis ; Risk Factors ; Vascular Resistance*

PURPOSE: We classified fractures of the greater trochanter (GT) and evaluated fracture fragment stability according to GT type. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 43 patients with an unstable intertrochanteric fracture treated between January 2007 and July 2009 with bipolar hemiarthroplasty were included in this study. GT fractures were classified as type A, B, C, or D and fixed using either cerclage wiring alone, cerclage wiring and non-absorbable suture or a greater trochanteric reattachment (GTR) plate. RESULTS: Type A fractures were fixed using cerclage wiring with non-absorbable suture in two cases, cerclage wiring in six cases and GTR plate in seven cases. Failure occurred in three cases of type A fractures treated with cerclage wiring alone. A total of 11 type B fractures were fixed with cerclage wiring (7), cerclage wiring and non-absorbable suture (3) and GTR plate (1). There was no failure of type B fractures. Type C fractures were fixed using cerclage wiring with non-absorbable suture in one case and GTR plate in three. There was no fixation in three cases. Of 10 type D fractures, six were treated with cerclage wiring and one with GTR plate. Fixation was not performed in three patients. There was no failure in type C and D type fractures. CONCLUSION: Fracture fragment stability differed according to fracture types. Cerclage wiring alone was insufficient to fix type A fractures, so type A fracture required a stronger fixation method.
Arthroplasty* ; Femur* ; Hemiarthroplasty ; Humans ; Methods ; Sutures

No abstract available.
Hearing* ; Infarction*