BACKGROUND: Do-Not-Resuscitate(DNR) order has been used without specific legislation commonly in hospitals of Korea. We designed this study to assess the current use of DNR order in the emergency department and to make a database for establishing a policy for DNR order, especially in ER. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 164 patients who expired in the emergency department of Severance hospital from Sep. 1996 to Aug. 1997. We evaluated age, sex, diagnosis, specific department involved, whether written orders were made and medical care after decision of DNR. The patients were divided into 2 groups : DNR vs CPR. To determine factors influencing DNR decision, we searched for presence of malignancy, irreversible shock, unconsciousness and chronic illness. The logistic regression analysis was used for statistical significance. RESULTS: We found that 102(62.2%) out of 164 expired patients had a DNR order. But only in 59% of cases, were written DNR order on the chart. Factors which had the most influence on decision of DNR were malignancy and age. The sex, chronic illness, irreversible shock, and unconsciousness were not significant factors. CONCLUSION: We found malignancy and old age as an important factor when DNR order had been made. But further evaluation of other factors may be necessary to establish definitely a policy for DNR order.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Chronic Disease ; Diagnosis ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies* ; Shock ; Unconsciousness

No abstract available.
Carcinoid Tumor

PURPOSE: To compare the precise roles of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) in the evaluation of patients presenting with hemoptysis and to determine the optimal timing for HRCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of HRCT and FOB were compared in 23 patients (15 men, 8 women) presenting with hemoptysis. Etiologies included bronchietasis (n=4), parenchymal pulmonary tuberculosis (n=4), lung cancer (n=4), endobronchial tuberculosis (n=2), and broncholithiasis (n=2). Hemoptysis was proved to be due to miscellaneous causes in an additional three cases and to be cryptogenic in four. The diagnostic results of FOB performed before and after HRCT were compared as were those of HRCT performed within and after the first 48 hours of active bleeding. RESULTS: FOB and HRCT offered a correct diagnosis in 39% and 65% of cases, respectively (p=0.005). HRCT demonstrated three cases of bronchiectasis and three of parenchymal pulmonary tuberculosis which were beyond the range of a bronchoscope. In two of five cases in which HRCT findings were nonspecific, chondromatous hamartoma and lung cancer were confirmed by FOB. In cases where HRCT was performed prior to FOB, the latter demonstrated the location and diagnosis in 82% and 47% of cases, respectively (p=0.303) ; when HRCT was performed after FOB, HRCT was correct in 67% and 17% of cases, respectively (p=0.178). In none of three cases (0%) in which HRCT was performed during the first 48 hours of active bleeding did the procedure allow a specific diagnosis. In 15 of 20 (75%) cases in which HRCT was performed after the first 48 hours, however, the diagnosis provided by CT was correct. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that in patients presenting with hemoptysis, both HRCT and FOB should be used for evaluation, since they are diagnostically complementary. FOB is more useful for the diagnosis of endobronchial lesion, and HRCT for bronchiectasis and parenchymal pulmonary tuberculosis. If, in cases of hemoptysis, initial diagnosis is attempted within the first 48 hours of active bleeding, FOB should be the initial step, and HRCT images should not be obtained until active bleeding has been shown on plain chest radiograph to have abated. If this initial approach takes place after the first 48 hours of active bleeding, FOB and HRCT are equally suitable.
Bronchiectasis ; Bronchoscopes ; Bronchoscopy* ; Diagnosis ; Hamartoma ; Hemoptysis* ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

No abstract available.
Prostatic Hyperplasia*

PURPOSE: There have been local wound complications in patients who have received first aid after venomous snake bites. Yet first aid in relation to local wound complications has not been well studied. METHODS: We conducted a 5-year retrospective study of 111 snake bite patients who visited the emergency departments of several medical centers between January 2004 and December 2008. We categorized the patients into those who had complications with inadequate first aid, those who had complications without first aid and those who had complications with adequate first aid. We compared the general characteristics and the laboratory and clinical findings of the three groups. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 1.36. The most common bite site was fingers. The most common systemic symptom was dizziness (6.3%) and the most common complication was rhabdomyolysis (23.4%). The inadequate first aids group had more local complications (cellulitis, skin necrosis) than did the group with adequate first aid or the group with no first aids. CONCLUSION: Inadequate first aid after snake bite leads to local complications, so we must be careful to administer first aid after snake bite and evaluate this first aid in relation to local complications
Bites and Stings ; Dizziness ; Emergencies ; Female ; Fingers ; First Aid ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhabdomyolysis ; Skin ; Snake Bites ; Snakes ; Venoms

Dysfunctions of ubiquitin-proteasome system and toxicity of dopamine have been known as the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and proteasome inhibitors are widely used in experimental models of PD to reproduce cell death of dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, immortalized human neural stem cells (HB1.F3, F3) and those transfected with human aromatic acid decarboxylase gene (F3.AADC), were used to investigate the mechanism of selective dopaminergic neuronal cell death mediated by dopamine or proteasome inhibitors. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that F3.AADC was more susceptible to dopamine than parental F3 cell which does not carry dopaminergic phenotype. The dopamine-induced apoptosis was mediated by activation of caspases 3 and 9 and cleavage of PARP. Proteasome inhibitors also induced apoptosis in dose-dependent manner but there was no difference between cell types. Prolonged exposure to subtoxic dose of proteasome inhibitors further enhanced dopamine-induced apoptosis in the F3.AADC, and increased presence of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin-positive inclusions was noted in the cytoplasm of apoptotic cells by immunocytochemistry. These findings indicate that dopaminergic cells are selectively susceptible to dopamine toxicity and prolonged suppression of proteasome system further enhances selective sensitivity to dopamine toxicity. Chronic subtoxic proteasomal dysfunction of dopaminergic cells might contribute to selective cell death of dopaminergic neurons during the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
alpha-Synuclein ; Apoptosis ; Caspases ; Cell Death ; Cytoplasm ; Dopamine ; Dopaminergic Neurons ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Models, Theoretical ; Neural Stem Cells ; Parents ; Parkinson Disease ; Phenotype ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Proteasome Inhibitors

PURPOSE: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning is an important medical emergency in Korea, but the factors leading to its serious manifestation are not well studied. METHODS: We conducted a 5-year retrospective study of 98 carbon monoxide poisoned patients who visited the emergency departments of the Medical Center between December 2004 and March 2009. We categorized the patients into those exhibiting only local symptoms (group 1) and those showing systemic symptoms and complications (group 2). We compared the general characteristics as well as the clinical and laboratory findings between both groups. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 1.18. The most common systemic symptom was a mental change (43.9%), while the most common complication was rhabdomyolysis (31.6%). Poisoned area closed private room in group 2 were 23 (41.8%) cases and burning region in group 2 were 16(29.1%) cases (p=0.956). Individuals who were accidentally poisoned comprised of 43 (78.2%) cases while those that attempted suicidal poisoning comprised 12 (21.8%) cases (p=0.016). The most common symptom at arrival was mental change 33 (60.0%) cases in group 2. The mean time exposed to carbon monoxide was 43+/-3.97 hours in group 1 and 55+/-10.11 in group 2 (p=0.012). The patient's age, context of poisoning, symptom at arrival, and time exposed to the poison were found to be significant risk factors for complications by logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Carbon monoxide poisoning is an emergency medical condition and the risk factors involved in the development of serious complications must be evaluated
Burns ; Carbon ; Carbon Monoxide ; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning ; Emergencies ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Patients' Rooms ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhabdomyolysis ; Risk Factors

Antihypertensive effect of angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitor Captopril was studied in 34 cases of essential hypertension. A single oral dose of 50mg Captopril was administered daily and blood pressure was followed every 2 weeks. Diuretics were added to patients who responded inadequately after 2 weeks of Captopril single treatment. Alpha-blocker, beta-blocker or calcium channel-blocker was added to patients who responded inadequately after another 2 weeks of Captopril and diuretics combined treatment. In 5 cases, Captopril was raised to 100mg and further antihypertensives were added to unresponded 3 cases. The resuts were as follows; 1) In 15 patients, blood pressure dropped from 170.3+/-10.5mmHg/108.7+/-6.1mmHg to 148.3+/-4.4mmHg/93.3+/-3.7mmHg after 8 weeks of Captopril 50mg single therapy. 2) Hydrochlorothiazide 25mg was added to non-responders, and blood pressure dropped from 180+/-6.7mmHg/111.1+/-6.2mmHg to 155.0+/-15.0mmHg/106.2+/-8.7mmHg in 9 of 19 patients after 8 weeks of combined treatment. 3) Alpha-blocker, Beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker was added to 10 non-responders to Captopril-hyprochlorothiazide combination therapy, and blood pressure dropped from 189.0+/-27mmHg/116+/-10mmHg to 137.8+/-15.5mmHg/88.5+/-10.2mmHg after 8 weeks. 4) Increase of captopril from 50mg to 100mg in 5 random nonresponder cases of Captopril single treatment lowered blood pressure from 168.0+/-13.6mmHg/107.1+/-6.4mmHg to 161+/-15.2mmHg/99+/-8.8mmHg after 2 weeks. 5) Heart rate, and serum creatinine, electrolytes and lipid levels showed no significant interval change. 6) Six patients complained of dry cough and one patient complained of poor appetite but no other clinically significant complications were noted during Captopril treatment.
Angiotensins ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Appetite ; Blood Pressure ; Calcium ; Calcium Channels ; Captopril* ; Cough ; Creatinine ; Diuretics ; Electrolytes ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydrochlorothiazide ; Hypertension

PURPOSE: We compared neovascularity with needle biopsies and definitive prostatectomy specimens to examine whether the measurement of microvessel density(MVD) has an ability to predict extracapsular extension with limited tissue sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated total 11 pathologically proven stage T3 lesions. The paraffin embedded tissues from needle biopsies and definitive prostatectomy specimens were sectioned serially. Of the serial sections obtained from prostatectomy specimens 2 showing a relatively uniform histology grade; one identical grade with biopsy sample, another the worst grade within the tumor or different grade from biopsy, and 2 from specific sites of the tumor; center and periphery, selected for examination. MVD determinations were performed immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies directed at the CD34 antigens. RESULTS: MVD of total 11 needle biopsies with grade 2-5 (score 4-8) ranged from 73.7 to 170.8 (median 106.7 +/- 10.6). The grade (score 5-9) distributions of prostatectomy specimens were different from those of needle biopsies and the MVD obtained from definitive prostatectomy specimens exhibited a heterogeneity within the individual tumor. The variation in densities between different grade group proved statistically different (p< 0.01, paired t-test). Also, the MVD count in the center of the tumor was higher than that in the periphery of the tumor and the difference between two group of the specific sites was statistically significant (p = 0.015, paired t-test). Finally, although MVD of biopsy sample did not correlated exclusively to that of definitive prostatectomy specimen, there would be a significant correlation of MVD between two groups if their distribution of histological grade were identical (p< 0.01, r2 = 0.889). CONCLUSIONS: Prior to surgical extirpation in the patients of clinically localized prostatic carcinomas, MVD determination of needle biopsies of the prostate would not correlate with that of definitive prostatectomy specimen. Given the limited tissue sampling from a biopsy, understanding of the site specificity of vasculature and analyzing the relationship of angiogenesis and other biologic factors of which histologic grade seems to be involved most importantly, are critical to developing a consistent and effective methodology of microvessel quantification.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD34 ; Biological Factors ; Biopsy ; Biopsy, Needle* ; Humans ; Microvessels* ; Needles* ; Paraffin ; Population Characteristics ; Prostate* ; Prostatectomy* ; Sensitivity and Specificity

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical results of locking compression plate (LCP) fixation for olecranon fractures with proximal ulna comminution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We review 10 cases of olecranon fractures with proximal ulna comminution treated with LCPs from August 2011 to August 2013. Follow-up period was from 12 months to 18 months. Mean age was 63.1 years (35-84 years). According to the Mayo classification, there were eight type IIB, and two type IIIB fractures. We used Mayo classification. Clinical evaluation was performed based on radiographic union of olecranon and measurements of range of motion at last follow-up. Disability of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score and Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) were used for evaluation of functional recovery. RESULTS: All patients had bone union. According to the MEPS, nine of ten patients had a good or excellent outcome. The mean DASH score was 18.6. All cases started postoperative range of motion (ROM) within 14 days. Elbow ROM was more than 110degrees in all cases except one. Mean radiological bony union time was 4.2 months (2.5-6.0 months) postoperatively. Complication was hardware irritation in three patients. CONCLUSION: Internal fixation using LCP for olecranon fractures with proximal ulna comminution can be a good treatment option which obtains good clinical results and enables early ROM.
Arm ; Classification ; Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hand ; Humans ; Olecranon Process* ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder ; Ulna*