Diffuse alopecia areata is the least common clinical type of alopecia, and this diffuse form lacks the characteristic hairless patches of alopecia and it begins as diffuse hair loss. Diffuse alopecia areata has been poorly characterized. In 2002, there was a suggestion to define this form of alopecia areata as acute, diffuse and total alopecia of the female scalp (ADTAFS). ADTAFS is characterized by a marked female predominance, tissue eosinophilia and a uniquely short clinical course. We report here on one case of ADTAFS.
Alopecia ; Alopecia Areata ; Eosinophilia ; Female ; Hair ; Humans ; Scalp

Lipid accumulation in macrophages is a prominent phenomenon observed in atherosclerosis.Previously, intimal foamy macrophages (FM) showed decreased inflammatory gene expression compared to intimal non-foamy macrophages (NFM). Since reprogramming of lipid metabolism in macrophages affects immunological functions, lipid profiling of intimal macrophages appears to be important for understanding the phenotypic changes of macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. While lipidomic analysis has been performed in atherosclerotic aortic tissues and cultured macrophages, direct lipid profiling has not been performed in primary aortic macrophages from atherosclerotic aortas. We utilized nanoflow ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to provide comprehensive lipid profiles of intimal non-foamy and foamy macrophages and adventitial macrophages from Ldlr−/− mouse aortas. We also analyzed the gene expression of each macrophage type related to lipid metabolism. FM showed increased levels of fatty acids, cholesterol esters, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelin. However, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, and ceramide levels were decreased in FM compared to those in NFM. Interestingly, FM showed decreased triacylglycerol (TG) levels. Expressions of lipolysis-related genes including Pnpla2 and Lpl< were markedly increased but expressions of Lpin2 and Dgat1 related to TG synthesis were decreased in FM. Analysis of transcriptome and lipidome data revealed differences in the regulation of each lipid metabolic pathway in aortic macrophages. These comprehensive lipidomic data could clarify the phenotypes of macrophages in the atherosclerotic aorta.

PURPOSE: Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a serum glycoprotein produced predominantly in hepatocytes. As such, the synthesis of SHBG could be associated with liver function and metabolic syndrome. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels could reflect hepatocellular injury and insulin resistance; however, the relationship between hepatic steatosis and ALT with SHBG has not been investigated in humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between SHBG and hepatocyte damage among Korean male patients with hepatic steatosis enrolled in a health examination program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study with 922 participants who underwent routine health examinations. A total of 922 men with or without hepatic steatosis were divided into three groups. We analyzed the risk of lower serum SHBG levels with or without elevated serum ALT levels using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A significantly increased risk of lower serum SHBG level was observed in the group with hepatic steatosis and ALT elevation (95% CI 1.591–4.681). CONCLUSION: In men with hepatic steatosis, we found that elevated serum ALT levels were associated with lower serum SHBG levels. This finding suggests that subjects with both hepatic steatosis and increased ALT should be considered to have low levels of SHBG.
Alanine Transaminase* ; Alanine* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Glycoproteins ; Hepatocytes ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Liver ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; Odds Ratio ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin*

Boerhaave's syndrome has the worst prognosis of the esophageal perforation, despite the advancement in the treatment of esophageal perforation due to the development of ICU care and antibiotics. There were controversies in the treatment of esophageal perforation when diagnosed after 24hrs. From 1995 to 2000, we performed a buttressed primary repair and mediastinal drainage in 6 Boerhaave's syndrome patients among 13 esophageal perforation patients. Two patients died(33%). They died because of pneumonia, ARDS and sepsis on 38th, 39th post-operative day respectively. Two patients had leak at the site of repair which was treated completely with conservative treatment. We report on the result of a buttressed primary repair and mediastinal drainage for 6 Boerhavve's syndrome patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Drainage ; Esophageal Perforation ; Esophagoplasty ; Humans ; Pneumonia ; Prognosis ; Sepsis

Eccrine porocarcinoma is a very rare, locally-aggressive, potentially fatal tumor arising from the intraepidermal ductal portion of the eccrine sweat gland. It develops either spontaneously or from a long standing benign eccrine poroma. It usually affects older people and is located most commonly on the lower extremities. We report a case of eccrine porocarcinoma which developed on the scalp of an 82-year-old woman. There was no evidence of metastasis, and the tumor was successfully removed by Mohs micrographic surgery.
Aged, 80 and over ; Eccrine Porocarcinoma* ; Female ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Mohs Surgery ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Poroma ; Scalp* ; Sweat Glands

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance is a relatively rare malignant soft tissue tumor which is locally invasive and looks like a protruded hardened plaque composed of multiple nodules. It seldom occurs on the scalp and the occurrence rate is less than 5%. Nowadays there is a tendency to choose Mohs surgery as a primary treatment instead of a wide excision, because Mohs surgery can reduce cases of recurrence. We report a case of multiple dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans on the scalp of a 32-year-old man. We planned a delayed operation using tissue expanders. We inserted two skin expanders and successfully expanded scalp tissue more than 150% after 7 months. Mohs surgery was performed with a 4 cm distance from borderline of lesions and then the large scalp skin defect was covered by the expanded skin which had been prepared by tissue expanders. It has been 9 months since the operation was performed and there have been no signs of recurrence.
Adult ; Dermatofibrosarcoma* ; Humans ; Mohs Surgery* ; Recurrence ; Scalp* ; Skin ; Tissue Expansion Devices ; Tissue Expansion*

BACKGROUND: Xanthelasma palpebrarum is the most common type of xanthoma. Due to its delicate location near the eye, treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum is rather difficult. The treatment includes surgical excision, local treatment with chemicals, and various laser therapies. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to review the various therapeutic modalities and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bichloroacetic acid (BCA) for the treatment of xanthelasma palpebrarum. METHODS: Nine patients, with a total of 19 xanthelasma lesions, were treated with BCA. The efficacy and safety were assessed over a follow-up period of 6 to 24 months (average, 16 months). RESULTS: All lesions were grossly removed completely with a single treatment and the treatment was well-tolerated by patients. Erythema and oozing were observed in six patients but improved after two weeks' dressing. Xanthelasma palpebrarum recurred in three patients, but the mean size of the recurred lesions was smaller in comparison to the primary lesion. CONCLUSION: BCA is an effective and safe therapeutic modality for xanthelasma palpebrarum. Advantages include simplicity, cost-effectiveness, speed, safety and efficacy.
Bandages ; Dichloroacetic Acid* ; Erythema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; Xanthomatosis

PURPOSE: To analyse the causes of coagulopathy and determine the effect of embolotherapy on acute gastrointestinal(GI) bleeding coexisting with coagulopathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 1991 and December 1998, 29 patients with acute GI bleeding (M:F =21:8, mean age, 57.8 years) underwent percutaneous embolotherapy and immediate cessation of bleeding was confirmed. The patients were divided into two groups: control (n =16) and those with coagulopathy (n =13), group membership being determined according to the criteria of >+/-2SD of normal prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ( PT >23 seconds, aPTT >40 seconds) at the time at which embolization was requested. Embolotherapy was, defined as clinically successful, if the patient was stable for at least three days, without bleeding, after technically successful embolization. The clinical success rate of embolization and the mortality rate were compared between the two groups, and the causes of coagulopathy statistically analysed. RESULTS: The clinical success rate of embolization was 75% (n =12) in the control group, compared with 38.5% (n =5) in the coagulopathic group (p < 0.05), while the mortality rate for the two groups was 6.3% (n =1) and 53.8% (n =7), respectively (p < 0.005). Statistically, massive transfusion and sustained shock before embolization were the causes of coagulopathy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In coagulopathic patients with acute GI bleeding, embolotherapy induces transient bleeding control, but is unlikely to save lives.
Embolization, Therapeutic* ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Mortality ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Prothrombin Time ; Shock

Few patients with traumatic aortic laceration remain undiagnosed and survive long enough to develop a chronic aneurysm. Such aneurysms are frequently asymptomatic: alternatively, they may manifest chest pain, dysphagia, bronchial irritation, or sudden death. A case of aortobronchial fistula secondary to a chronic post-traumatic aneurysm of the aortic isthmus is presented. Hemoptysis was the main sign. The affected segment of the thoracic aorta was repaired with a Hemashield patch and a left upper lobectomy was performed.
Aneurysm ; Aorta, Thoracic ; Chest Pain ; Death, Sudden ; Deglutition Disorders ; Fistula* ; Hemoptysis ; Humans ; Lacerations ; Thorax*

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an acute infectious disease of the respiratory system caused by the new betacoronavirus (MERS coronavirus, MERS-CoV), which shows high mortality rates. The typical symptoms of MERS are fever, cough, and shortness of breath, and it is often accompanied by pneumonia. The MERS-CoV was introduced to Republic of Korea in May 2015 by a patient returning from Saudi Arabia. The disease spread mostly through hospital infections, and by the time the epidemic ended in August, the total number of confirmed diagnoses was 186, among which 36 patients died. Reflecting the latest evidence for antiviral drugs in the treatment of MERS-CoV infection and the experiences of treating MERS patients in Republic of Korea, these guidelines focus on antiviral drugs to achieve effective treatment of MERS-CoV infections.
Antiviral Agents ; Communicable Diseases ; Coronavirus ; Cough ; Cross Infection ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Fever ; Humans ; Middle East* ; Mortality ; Pneumonia ; Republic of Korea ; Respiratory System ; Saudi Arabia