A 64-year-old woman presented with severe chest pain and indigestion for ten days. She had been repeatedly admitted for the same symptoms, and had been treated with oral medication with no improvement. Coronary angiography revealed total occlusion of the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries. The patient was referred to our department because the other medical treatments had been unsuccessful and neither angioplasty nor coronary artery bypass surgery was safe. An epidural catheter was placed at the T2-3 level and a 5 mL bolus of 0.25% bupivacaine completely relieved the patient's angina. The arterial blood pressure and heart rate remained unchanged and the IV nitrates were discontinued. An infusion of 100 mL 0.0625% bupivacaine with 10 mg morphine was started at 4 mL/h. During the following 13 days, the patient remained pain free with 5 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine. Her symptoms continued to diminish and she remained free of pain even after discontinuing the high thoracic epidural anesthesia (HTEA), but she still took an occasional oral dose of nitrates.
Analgesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Angina Pectoris* ; Angioplasty ; Arterial Pressure ; Arteries ; Bupivacaine ; Catheters ; Chest Pain ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Dyspepsia ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Morphine ; Nitrates

OBJECTIVE: The definition of psychological trauma, which was traditionally restricted to immediate and direct experience, is now expanding to include mediated or vicarious experience. So the present study aims to examine the relationship between the negative effects and the positive outcomes to a national disaster by assessing the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic growth of the general public. METHODS: A nationwide survey of the Korean population (n=811) who were exposed to the Sewol ferry disaster through the media participated in this research, completing a self-report questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, Impact of Event Scale-Revised- Korean, and Korean-Stress-related Growth Scale-Revised. The participants were divided into three groups according to the severity of PTSD symptoms, then one-way ANOVA were conducted. RESULTS: The results revealed 30.4% of the sampled participants reported stress symptoms equivalent to partial or full PTSD. Posttraumatic growth was significantly higher in the full and the partial PTSD symptom groups when compared to the normal group [F (2, 759)=20.534, p < 0.001]. At a subscale level, mature thinking showed a more significant result [F (2,759)=23.146, p < 0.001] than religious growth [F (2, 180.984)=4.811, p < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The results indicated a general linear trend between the severity of PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth level, suggesting that indirect trauma also induces both PTSD symptoms and posttraumatic growth like direct trauma does. The theoretical implications based on these findings were discussed.
Disasters* ; Psychological Trauma ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic* ; Thinking

In the original publication, reference number 20 was incorrect.