In this study, the feasibility of identification and genotypic differentiation of enteroviruses was investigated by using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR), single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. Two hundred seventy-four clinical samples were assayed by both nested RT-PCR and tube culture method using MRC-5 and MK cells; 58 (86.6%) out of 67 enterovirus culture-positive samples contained enteroviral RNA. In addition, 114 (55.1%) of 207 samples from patients with suspected enteroviral CNS disease with negative viral cultures were positive by the nested RT-PCR. The nested RT-PCR products were genotyped by the SSCP method and the results were compared with serotypes. We could differentiate 6 subtypes, 3 of which are similar to coxsackievirus B3, B5, echovirus 11, plus 3 other subtypes. RFLP cleaved with Sty I, Bgl I, and Xmn I yielded characteristic patterns for each laboratory strains. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the RT-PCR for the rapid diagnosis of enterovirus infection and the potentials of the SSCP method for differentiation of enterovirus strains.
Central Nervous System Diseases ; Diagnosis ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; Enterovirus* ; Genotype* ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; RNA

No abstract available.
Cytomegalovirus* ; DNA* ; Glomerulonephritis* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction*

PURPOSE: This study was to identify variables influencing health risk behaviors in adolescents on the basis of the PRECEDE model. METHODS: Data were collected from 434 middle school students in Chungbuk Province for two weeks in July 2008. The instrument for this study was a self-reported questionnaire. The SPSS/WIN 12.0 program was used for data analysis, which included t-test, one way ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Adolescents' level of health risk behaviors (47.32 +/- 7.98) was below medium. Physical inactivity (6.73 +/- 2.23) and Internet addictive behavior (6.36 +/- 2.11) were major health risk behaviors. The perceived level of school health education (30.74 +/- 9.84) was low. Family function and general self efficacy explained 14.3% of variance in health risk behaviors. Family function was a major predictor of health risk behaviors (R2 = .108, p = .000). However, the perceived level of school health education was not a significant predictor of health risk behaviors. CONCLUSION: For the prevention of health risk behaviors in adolescents, it is necessary that the family and the school collaborate with each other in educational strategies in order to strengthen influential factors such as family function and general self-efficacy.
Adolescent* ; Behavior, Addictive ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Education ; Health Behavior ; Health Status ; Humans ; Internet ; Risk-Taking* ; School Health Services ; Self Efficacy ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: The involvement of IGF system in hyperandrogenism and abnormal follicular development is controversial. This study is to assess whether IGF system contribute to it in the women with polycystic ovary(PCO). METHODS: Baseline serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), androstenedione (ADD), prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-I, free IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein(IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 were measured in twelve healthy regularly cycling volunteers and forty-two women with PCO then, the changes of baseline serum levels were evaluated after laparoscopic ovarian electrocauterization in nine PCO patients. In addition, the expression pattern of IGF-I and IGF-II was examined in the ovary of control and PCO group. RESULTS: Baseline levels of LH, ADD, free IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 were significantly higher in PCO group. However, there were no significant differences in the levels of free IGF-I and IGFBP-1, although free IGF-I showed decreasing tendency in PCO group. And there was a significant positive correlation between the LH and free IGF-II level in the PCO(P=0.011, r2=0.3899), but not in the control. After ovarian electrocauterization, LH, T, and ADD levels decreased, and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 level increased. While free IGF-II and IGFBP-1 level showed no significant changes. In the ovary, expression of both IGFs showed similar pattern in normal and PCO ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated IGFBP-3 level may alter the bioavailability of IGF(s) in the PCO. The change in IGF-I level and resumption of ovulation after electrocauterization, suggest a possible role of IGF system in the impairment of follicular development in the PCO.
Androstenedione ; Biological Availability ; Carrier Proteins* ; Estradiol ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Humans ; Hyperandrogenism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Ovary* ; Ovulation ; Prolactin ; Somatomedins* ; Testosterone ; Thyrotropin ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the effects of a fall prevention program on falls, physical function, psychological function, and home environmental safety in frail elders living at home in rural communities. METHODS: The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group pre posttest design. The study was conducted from July to November, 2012 with 30 participants in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Participants were registered at the public health center of E County. The prevention program on falls consisted of laughter therapy, exercise, foot care and education. The program was provided once a week for 8 weeks and each session lasted 80 minutes. RESULTS: The risk score for falls and depression in the experimental group decreased significantly compared with scores for the control group. Compliance with prevention behavior related to falls, knowledge score on falls, safety scores of home environment, physical balance, muscle strength of lower extremities, and self-efficacy for fall prevention significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the prevention program on falls is effective for the prevention of falls in frail elders living at home.
Accidental Falls/*prevention & control ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Depression ; Exercise ; Female ; Frail Elderly/*psychology ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Massage ; Muscle Strength ; *Program Evaluation ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Self Care ; Self Efficacy

No abstract available.
Lupus Vulgaris* ; Tuberculosis, Miliary*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relations among appropriateness of work, competency on student suicide and attitude toward suicide in health teachers. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive one. The subjects were 193 health teachers. Self-administered questionnaires were used to measure the variables of this study. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression with SAS 9.3 software were used for the data analysis. RESULTS: The attitude score toward suicide ranged from 1.47 to −1.03. The average score of appropriateness of work and competency related to student suicide were 2.34 and 2.81 respectively. Associated factors with competency related to student suicide among health teacher were appropriateness of work related to student suicide, two items of attitude toward suicide(suicide is an acceptable means to end an incurable illness and people who commit suicide are usually mentally ill), education level, education experience on suicide prevention and management, and the adjusted R2 of the regression model was 34.3%. CONCLUSION: Health teachers were not tolerable to student suicide. However, they evaluated themselves as low in the appropriateness and competency to the work on student suicide, especially in screening and counselling of high risk groups. The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to develop education programs about counseling and intervention on student suicide for health teachers.
Counseling ; Education ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Statistics as Topic ; Suicide*

No abstract available.
Gangwon-do* ; Humans

Various methods of taking of optic foramen view and avalubilities have been studied by many foreigninvistigators, but those in Korea have not been reported yet. The authors have measured and examined the size andshapes of optic foramina of optic foramen views in 111 Korean checked at Inje Medical College Hospital duringabout 3 years form June 1979 to March 1982. The cases were divided into gwo groups, A and B, for the convenienceof study. Group A consisted of 50 normal Korean 5 to 55 years of age with no visual symptoms and signs. Group Bincluded 69 patients 3 to 75 yrs of age with visual symptoms and signs. The results were as follows; 1. Mean valueof actual diameter of optic foramen meassured by Goalwin's method in Group A; Right; A diameter; 4.21mm, Bdiameter; 4.32mm, Left; A diameter; 4.29mm, B diameter; 4.30mm. 2. Absolute symmetry of the greatest diameters ofboth optic foramina in Group A; 36%, difference of 0.5 or lessl 28%, from 0.5 to 1.0mm; 18%, from 1.0 to 1.5mm;8%, uncomparable cases; 10%. The greatest difference was 1.4mm. 3. The shapes of optic foramen in Group A; ovalshape; 65%, circular ; 29%, keyhole or double foramen; 6%. 4. In Goup B, the peak age group was second decade(31%), the most comon clinical cause of examiniation of optic foramen view was optic nerve atrophy(30%), and thepathologic findings were only 4 cases(7%). 5. The technique of optic foramen view by modified Pfeiffer's methoddelineated the outline of optic foramen more clearly than ordinary Rhese's method in our experience.
Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Optic Nerve

No abstract available.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Palatine Tonsil* ; Tongue*