No abstract available.
Spina Bifida Occulta*

Dental sleep medicine is an up-and-coming discipline of dentistry, more specifically an offshoot of oral medicine. It traditionally focuses on sleep-related breathing disorders, such as snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. However, everyday practice shows that also other sleep disorders touch on dentistry, including orofacial pain, xerostomia, and bruxism. Therefore, a new definition has been formulated for dental sleep medicine as following; ‘Dental sleep medicine is the discipline concerned with the study of the oral and maxillofacial causes and consequences of sleep-related problems’. It is this article’s aim to further introduce the emerging discipline of dental sleep medicine to all professionals working in sleep medicine. This article briefly describes the different dental sleep disorders with special focus on the more remarkable associations between orofacial pain and sleep.

No abstract available.
Granuloma, Lethal Midline*

The authors analyzed the mental evaluation reports for 5 years from 1995 to 1999, done in the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital for the schizophrenic patients who were prosecuted for homicide. The survey was done for the schizophrenics' sex, age, marital status, job, the first or second offense, a residential status, offense place, weapons used, chief motive for homicide, whether he or she was drunken at the time of commission of homicide, the victims' characteristics, the age of the onset of disease, previous psychiatric treatment history, previous criminal history, the duration of schizophrenic disease. In the age of onset of disease, 20-29 years old were the most, 30 cases of 67%. In the psychiatric treatment history for the chronic cases, there's statistical significance. For the chronics, it can be said that the experiences of psychiatric treatment were statistically significant. For the chief motive of homicide, delusion and hallucination were of 44%, but angers were 18 cases(40%) and excitements were 3 cases. What is specially noteworthy is the angers and excitements, consisting of 46.7% of all. And for the chronic cases, delusion and hallucination were the major motive with statistical significance.
Age of Onset ; Anger ; Criminals ; Delusions ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Hallucinations ; Homicide* ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Schizophrenia* ; Weapons

The authors reviewed the medical records and additional data of 460 mentally ill criminals who had referred to National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital, from January 1990 to December 1990 (60 cases) and from January 2000 and December 2000 (394 cases). The demographic factors, characteristics of crime, psychiatric diagnoses and psychiatric opinions and legal opinions , and legal opinions were analyzed and the results are as follows. 1) The frequency of crimes by female, high education level and single status increased. 2) As to the psychiatric diagnosis, schizophrenia decreased whereas substance- use disorder, mood disorder and personality disorder were increased and kleptomania and anxiety disorder were added. 3) As to the types and feature of crime, homicide and violence increased, whereas arson decreased and larcency, violation of harzadous substance and violation of narcotic drug were added. 4) As to victims of crime, the frequency of crimes committed to strangers increased whereas that of the family members and their lelatives were decreased. 5) As to motivation of crime, the frequency of impulsivity increased but psychotic symptoms such as delusion and hallucination significantly decreased. 6) More that half of psychiatric tests were referred from the court, but the agreement rate between the judge 's opinions and psychiatric opinions was decreased. In Conclusion, the changes of charateristics of mentally ill criminal were attributed to sociocultural changes for mentally ill criminals and implimeted in Social Protection Law. As the judges do not completely agree to the psychiatric opinions, the close cooperation between the judges and the psychiatrist as legal adviser should be necessory for mentally ill criminals.
Anxiety Disorders ; Crime ; Criminals* ; Delusions ; Demography ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Female ; Firesetting Behavior ; Hallucinations ; Homicide ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders ; Impulsive Behavior ; Jurisprudence ; Medical Records ; Mental Disorders ; Mentally Ill Persons* ; Mood Disorders ; Motivation ; Personality Disorders ; Psychiatry ; Public Policy ; Schizophrenia ; Violence

PURPOSE: The present study was performed to evaluate the changes in tear film and ocular surface parameters after using sodium hyaluronate (SH) 0.1% alone or in combination with cyclosporine A (CsA) 0.05% in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy accompanied by dry eye. METHODS: A total of 72 eyes from 36 patients were divided into two groups; 36 eyes of 18 patients were treated with 0.1% SH alone (group 1), and 36 eyes of 18 patients were treated with SH 0.1% and CsA 0.05% (group 2). Tear break-up time (BUT), basal tear secretion test (BST), tear clearance rate (TCR), fluorescein staining (FS) and corneal sensitivity test (CST) were evaluated at pre-treatment and one, three and six months post-treatment. Conjunctival impression cytology was performed and tear CXCL11 (Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand) levels were measured pre-treatment and three months post-treatment. RESULTS: BUT, BST, TCR, KEP and CST were significantly improved at six months in group 1 (p < 0.05) and at three months in group 2 (p < 0.05). The degree of conjunctival squamous cell metaplasia, goblet cell density and tear CXCL11 levels were significantly changed at three months in group 2 (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant changes in group 1 after 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: Combined use of topical 0.1% SH and 0.05% CsA can result in early improvement in tear films and ocular surface parameters in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy accompanied by dry eye.
Cyclosporine ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; Eye ; Fluorescein ; Goblet Cells ; Graves Ophthalmopathy ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Metaplasia ; Tears ; Thyroid Gland

We usually accept 1 : 1 ratio soft tissue change in mandibular set-back surgery. But we cannot sure whether we can use this ratio as a long term predictor after surgery. We investigated the change of hard tissue and its effects to soft tissue and examined the predictability of cephalometric analysis in short term and long term follow-up periods in mandibular set-back surgery. Subjects were 15 patients (5 male, 10 female) performed mandibular set-back procedure only by BSSRO with rigid fixation. Cephalometric data were obtained before orthodontic treatment, immediate before surgery and immediate after surgery, 6 months, and 18 months after surgery consecutively. Differences in soft and hard tissue changes among the time intervals were examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) ; the association between immediate surgical change in chin landmarks and subsequent short and long term soft and hard tissue changes were examined using linear regression analysis 1. Soft tissue mandibular structures were positioned posteriorly and superiorly after surgery. Average mandibular set-back were 8.17mm at Pog. The horizontal and vertical hard tissue mandibular changes were stable for 18 months after surgery. Although there was a small degree of change, soft tissue and hard tissue remain relatively stable after surgery and there was no clinically discernable changes between 6 months and 18 months post-operatively. 2. Some part of upper lip (Ls & stms)and most part of mandibular soft tissue moves postero-superiorly after mandibular set-back. The ratio of horizontal changes of hard tissue to soft tissue at Inf. labial sulcus(B'), Pogonion(Pog') were 84.7%, 74.7% after 18 months. respectively. 3. Predictability of the soft tissue change is less certain than hard tissue and this predictability is decreased over time. These result suggests that we cannot predict the surgical outcomes exactly. It is recommendable that the oral surgeon should be careful in using the computerized surgical prediction software program as a predictor of long term soft tissue change.
Chin ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Lip ; Male

Between January 1990 and February 1991, ureteroscopic removal of ureteral stone was performed in 40 cases at outpatient department under local anesthesia(36 cases) and epidural anesthesia(4 cases). The results were as follows. The success rate of ureteral stone removal was 82.1% (32 among 39 cases) in lower ureter, 86.7 %(26 among 30 cases) in female and 70.0%(7 among 10 cases) in male. Anesthetic methods were local(36 cases), and epidural(4 cases), Mean duration of hospitalization was 1.4 days(0-7 days). The associated complication rate was low, with most patients being treated conservatively. Therefore, we believe that the ureteroscopic stone removal at outpatient department can be done safely if we select patients properly(especially women). have adequate equipment and execute properly the basic technique.
Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Outpatients* ; Ureter* ; Ureteroscopy

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of sleep apnea headache has not been established and its possible mechanism is unclear. This study evaluated the frequency of sleep apnea headache in Korean patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with the aim of identifying their clinical characteristics as well as the sleep parameters that are correlated with headache intensity. METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2014, 2000 patients who were referred to our sleep clinic underwent overnight polysomnography and were interviewed by a neurologist. The neurologist also reviewed the medical records and headache questionnaires of 1659 patients with OSA. We selected patients with sleep apnea headache based on diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (III beta version). Descriptive statistics were applied to analyze clinical characteristics and various sleep parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficient and single/multivariate linear regression analysis were used to identify predictors of headache intensity. RESULTS: Sleep apnea headache was diagnosed in 139 (8.4%) of the patients in this single-center study. The diagnosed patients had male dominancy (87.8%), severe sleep apnea (mean apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]>30), and were middle-aged (mean of 43.5 years old). The ratio of the apnea-hypopnea time to the total sleep time, AHI, the oxygen desaturation index, and the arousal index were positively correlated with headache intensity. AHI was the best predictor of headache intensity in the patients with sleep apnea headache. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of sleep apnea headache among the Korean patients in this study was lower than in previous studies. We found that there was a strong positive correlation between OSA severity (mostly, AHI) and headache intensity in patients with sleep apnea headache.
Arousal ; Classification ; Headache Disorders ; Headache* ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Medical Records ; Oxygen ; Polysomnography ; Prevalence ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive*

PURPOSE: To assess the comparative growth of the four long bones of the lower extremities after the tibial shaft fractures in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-eight children (age, 8.2+/-2.6) with tibial shaft fractures treated with a closed reduction and a long leg cast were enrolled in this study. The mean follow-up was 54.4 months (range, 24-96). The medical records and Bell-Thompson images were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The clinical results were excellent in all cases. The fractured tibia showed overgrowth (4.4+/-3.3 mm) compared with the contralateral side. The ipsilateral femur showed mild over-growth (0.9 mm+/-3.7), and the final leg length discrepancy was 5.3 mm+/-5.4. Four ipsilateral femurs showed overgrowth >10 mm. Gender, the level of the fractures and associated fibular fractures did not affect the overgrowth of the fractured tibia (p>0.05). However, age might affect the amount of overgrowth (p=0.005). CONCLUSION: Tibial shaft fractures in children treated with a long leg cast showed variable overgrowth. The final leg length discrepancy was influenced by the overgrowth of the ipsilateral femur as well as by overgrowth of the tibia.
Child* ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Leg ; Lower Extremity ; Medical Records ; Retrospective Studies ; Tibia