Normal small intestinal folds are less than 2mm in thickness and criss-cross in appearance. Many diseases of the small interstine produce an abnormality in mucosal folds, namely thickening and parallel (perpendiulcer to the bowel lumen) arrangement of folds, nodularity, destruction, and ulcer. Diseases causing submucosal edema produce regular smooth thickening whereas diseases producing submucosal hemorrhage produce regular spiky thickening. Inflammatory bowel diseases and lymphoma produce irregular (in width, or distorted or 'bent at peculiar angles to the bowel lumen) thickening nodularity of the mucosa. Severe inflammatory processes as well as malignant tumors produce mucosal destruction and ulcer. Proposed here is an approach to narrow the category of disease processes based on mucosal fold abnormality. This approach with sufficient clinical history is invaluable in the interpretation of small bowel series.
Edema ; Hemorrhage ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Intestine, Small* ; Lymphoma ; Mucous Membrane ; Ulcer

No abstract available.

Lawyers, with their constant opportunity for parctive, show a talent for public oratory that few dictors canequal. However, the physician, despite his more modest and hesitant delivery, has one great advantage over themost experienced lawyer. He is allowed to use slides. Slides of good quality conceal defects in oratory and theymake for a confident speaker and a contented audience. By contrast smudged, complicated or ill-prepared slides maydraw attention to minor defects in delivery and make the audience inattentive.
Aptitude ; Humans ; Lawyers

Most studies on the pathophysiology, natural history, diagnosis by imaging and outcomes after operative or nonoperative treatment of rotator cuff tear have focused on those of full-thickness tears, resulting in limited knowledge of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. However, a partial-thickness tear of the rotator cuff is a common disorder and can be the cause of persistent pain and dysfunction of the shoulder joint in the affected patients. Recent updates in the literatures shows that the partial-thickness tears are not merely mild form of full-thickness tears. Over the last decades, an improved knowledge of pathophysiology and surgical techniques of partial-thickness tears has led to more understanding of the significance of this tear and better outcomes. In this review, we discuss the current concept of management for partial-thickness tears in terms of the pathogenesis, natural history, nonoperative treatment, and surgical outcomes associated with the commonly used repair techniques.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Natural History ; Rotator Cuff* ; Shoulder Joint

Venous island flap has many advantages over other flaps, such as random pattern flap, island flap or free flap. It can cover the defect with wide arc of rotation and does not require vessel anastomosis and arterial pedicle, hence more sites are available for donor. The procedure is a time saving and simple procedure and can be performed even by two operating members. But it is not frequently used because of the poor survival of the flap. In this study, we attempted to allow whether pharmacological or delay procedure can enhance the survival of the venous island flap and the mechanism of the delay flap survival. We devised a model of venous island flap whose pedicle was a branch of central vein on the auricle of Newzeland white rabbit. SOD, allopurinol and SOD and allopurinol were given as pharmacological treatment and delay procedure was carried out to enhance the survival of the flap. For the study of survival mechanism of the delay flap, SOD levels of the delay and non-delay flap were observed by SOD 525 method. The results were as follows: 1. Allopurinol, SOD and, SOD and allopurinol improved the survival of the flap significantly. 2. Delay procedure improved the survival of the flap significantly. 3. The level of SOD in delay flap was higher than that of non-delay flap regardless of the site within the flap or time passage. In conclusion, it is inferred that the administration of allopurinol and SOD and surgical delay can enhance the survival of the venous island flap. In delay venous island flap, increased level of SOD within the flap seem to contribute to the increased survival of the flap.
Allopurinol ; Free Radicals* ; Free Tissue Flaps ; Humans ; Oxygen* ; Tissue Donors ; Veins

No abstract available.
Neurilemmoma*

No abstract available.
Esophagus* ; Leiomyoma*

STUDY DESIGN: This biomechanical study was designed to perform flexibility tests in multiple loading directions to compare the stabilizing effects of supplemental hook or pedicle screw fixation on short segment pedicle instrumentation system. OBJECTIVE: To compare biomechanical flexibilities of short segment pedicle instrumentation constructs added by hook or pedicle screw fixation in an unstable calf spine model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Short segment pedicle instrumentation is using recently for the surgical treatment of the unstable burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine, but a high incidence of early screw tai lure in short segment pedicle instrumentation has reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten fresh frozen calf spines (T10-L3) were loaded with pure uncosstrained moments in flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending directions. A maximum moment of 6.4 Nm was achieved in 5 steps using dead weights. After removal of L1 vertebral body, testing was performed on intact specimens first and then each specimen after laminar hook or pedicle screw insertion on the short segment pedicle instrumentation of ISOLA implant. Any kinds of graft material or transfixation device were not used to make the worst possible case of instability of an injured spine. Three different fixation methods were instrumented. These included: (1) one level aboye and one level below with pedicle screw, (2) 2 levels above with pedicle screw and hook and one level below with pedicle screw, and (3) 2 levels abode and one level below with pedicle screws. RESULTS: At the level of corpectomy, all fixation methods significantly reduced motions in flexion, extension, and lateral bending as compared to the intact motion (P<0.001). The differences between all constructs were not statistically significant. The addition of a hook or screw on the short segment pedicle screw construct was not significantly reduced the flexibi lite as compared to the short segment pedicle screw construct. Axial rotational motions in groups I, II, and III were similar with each other and with intact motion as well and there were no significant statistical difference. The addition of the hook or screw on the short segment pedicle construct showed more stability as compared to the pedicle screw construct, but statistical difference was not. The addition of hook or screw on the short segment pedicle screw construct showed similar stability in all motions with each other. At the level above corpectomyl all tested fixation methods did not improve the axial rotational stability beyond the intact case, but reduced flexion, extension, and lateral bending motions significantly (p<0.001). The addition of hook or screw on the short segment pedicle screw construct showed significant stability in all motions (p<0.001) as compared to the short segment pedicle screw construct and their stabilities were similar with each other. CONCLUSIONS: All fixation methods showed more stabilities in all motions than normal specimen. The addition of pedicle screw on the short segment pedicle screw constructs are more stable than the addition of hook, but there was no statistical difference. Adding one level of fixation cranial to the fracture using pedicle screws or hooks may be necessary to decrease the rate of clinical failure and to enhance the stability of the construct with short segment pedicle instrumentation
Incidence ; Pliability ; Spine ; Transplants ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Sclerosis*

An experimental study on the vascular alternations of the kidney following biopsy procedure was carried out in 47 kidneys from 28 rabbits to clarify their nature and frequency by renal arteriography and microangiography together with histopathologic investigation. Renal arteriography and microangiography were perforemd immediately 2 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after percutaneous biopsy and the findings were correlated with histological nature. The results are summerized as follows; 1. Important biopsy injuries verified by renal arteriography and microangiography were arterial spasm, perfusion defect, arteriovenous fistula, injury to vasa recta and renaltubules, intrarenal and extrarenal extravasation of contrast media, and arterial obstruction, in order of frequency. 2. Artierial spasm observed in majority of the cases were relieved during the period of 2 weeks. 3. Detectability of perfusion defect was 57% and 72% by angiography and microangiography, respectively, and this perfusion defect seemed to be mostly caused by renal infarction due to vascular injury, such as arteriovenousfistula, arterial obstruction and other vascular injuries. 4. Arteriovenous fistula was detected in 28% byangiography and 50% by microangiography. Many of the arteriovenous fistula appeared to be closed spontaneously within a week. Above findings suggest that renal biopsy procedure results in various degree of vascular injuries with their sequential modification, and that microangiography is assumed the most effective approach in analysisof biopsy injuries such as small arteriovenous fistula, perfusion defect, injury to vasa recta and renal tubules, overcoming the limitation of traditional angiography.
Angiography ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; Biopsy ; Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials ; Infarction ; Kidney ; Perfusion ; Rabbits ; Spasm ; Vascular System Injuries