PURPOSE: To diagnose the coronary artery disease, it is necessary to have a thorough knowledge on coronary anatomy and normal variations. We performed a morphological study on normal variations of coronary artery in Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1012 cases of coronary angiography were analyzed with particular emphasis on the normal variation of three coronary arteries and their major branches, including origin of conus artery, sinus node artery and atrioventricular node artery and the variation in posterior descending artery and ramus medianus. RESULTS: We found right dominance in 895 cases(88.4%), left domainance in 44 cases(4.3%), and balanced dominance in 73 cases(7.2%). Conus artery branched from right coronary artery in 468 cases(47.6%) and originated in right coronary sinus close to the os of right coronary artery in 515 cases(52.4%). Sinus node artery originated from left circumflex artery in 551 cases(54.4%), from right coronary artery in 442 cases(43.7%), and from both coronary arteries in 19 cases(1.9%). Atrioventricular node artery originated from right coronary artery in 943 cases(93.4%), from left circumflex artery in 59 cases(5.8%), and two atriovenricular node arteries from both arteries in 8 cases(0.8%). Posterior descending artery had the normal pattern in 505 cases(58.6%) and some variation in 357 cases(41.4%). We found short left main coronary artery, less than 2--3 mm, making it hard to cannulate in 172 cases(17.0%). Ramus medianus was found in 165 cases(16.5%) with marginal distribution in 84 cases(8.4%), diagonal distribution in 80 cases(8.0%) and coursing interventricular sulcus as double left anterior descending artery in 1 case(0.1%). Left main coronary artery gave off 4 branches in 8 cases(0.8%). Myocardial bridging was found in only 3 cases(0.3%). CONCLUSION: This study could provide basic morphological data on anatomy and normal variations of coronary arteries in Korean adults.
Adult ; Arteries ; Atrioventricular Node ; Conus Snail ; Coronary Angiography* ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Sinus ; Coronary Vessels* ; Humans ; Myocardial Bridging

No abstract available.

All-ceramic restorations have become an attractive alternative to porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. In-Ceram, and more recently IPS Empress 2 were introduced as a new all-ceramic system for single crowns and 3-unit fixed partial dentures. But their strength and marginal fit are still an important issue. This study evaluated the fracture resistance and marginal fit of three systems of 3 unit all-ceramic bridge fabricated on prepared maxillary anterior resin teeth in vitro. The 3 all-ceramic bridge systems were: (1) a glass-infiltrated, sintered alumina system (In-Ceram) fabricated conventionally, (2) the same system with copy-milled alumina cores (copy-milled In-Ceram), (3) a heat pressed, lithium disilicate reinforced glass-ceramic system (IPS Empress 2). Ten bridges of each system with standardized design of framework were fabricated. All specimens of each system were compressed at 55degree at the palatal surface of pontic until catastrophic fracture occurred. Another seven bridges of each system were fabricated with standard method. All of the bridge-die complexes were embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned buccolingually and mesiodistally. The absolute marginal discrepancy was measured with stereomicroscope at x50 power. The following results were obtained: 1. There was no significant difference in the fracture strength among the 3 systems studied. 2. The Weibull modulus of copy-milled In-Ceram was higher than that of In-Ceram and IPS Empress 2 bridges. 3. Copy-milled In-Ceram (112micrometer) exhibited significantly greater marginal discrepancy than In-Ceram (97micrometer), and IPS Empress 2 (94micrometer at P=0.05. 4. The lingual surfaces of the ceramic crowns showed smaller marginal discrepancies than mesial and distal points. There was no significant difference between teeth (incisor, canine) at P=0.05. 5. All-ceramic bridges of three systems appeared to exhibit sufficient initial strength and acceptable marginal fit values to allow clinical application.
Aluminum Oxide ; Ceramics ; Crowns ; Denture, Partial, Fixed ; Hot Temperature ; Lithium ; Tooth

Thelper (Th) cells play a pivotal role in the regulation of immune responses. Since Th epitopes in adenovirus have not yet been defined, in this study, it was attempted to search for Th epitopes of adenovirus antigens that are restricted by MHC class II (H-2E). Among candidate viral proteins to be screened for Th epitopes, structural protein was selected, since they induced strong IL-2 release from adenovirus immune lyrnph node (LN) cells and the presence of E1 protein, which contains immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes, did not potentiate the T cell responses. To confirm the presence of Th epitopes in the structural protein, virions were trypsinized and the resulting polypeptides whose molecular weights were lower than 5,000 were fractionated by HPLC. Some of the HPLC fraction turned out to induce LN cell proliferation. Ten synthetic peptides were designed as candidate Th epitopes from the primary amino acid sequences of adenovirus hexon and penton protein which are major constituents of the virion. The selected sequences share the common features of other known H-2E' binding ligands. Among these ten synthetic peptides, peptide of hexon protein amino acid residue 709-721 induced noticeable proliferation of LN cells from preimmune mice, and also able to induce IL-2 secretion from adenovirus-specific T hybridomas, suggesting that the peptide was the most immunodominant Th epitope. Hexon protein 221-233 and hexon protein 676-688 are considered as epitopes also. This study revealed three epitope sequences from adenovirus structural protein that are presented by class II MHC, H-2E.
Adenoviridae* ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Proliferation ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Epitopes ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte* ; Hybridomas ; Interleukin-2 ; Ligands ; Mice ; Molecular Weight ; Peptides ; Trypsin ; Viral Proteins ; Virion

The results of this study which had been investigated for the purpose of analyzing heavy metal concentrations in women's blood and urine, their correlation degree and significance of cadmium as indicator of accumulated heavy metals are as follows. 1) In blood, concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn are respectively 0.0110+/-0.14 ug/ml, 0.208+/-138 ug/ml, 0.899+/-0.153 ug/ml and 5.432+/-1.020 ug/ml. 2) In urine, concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn are respectively 0.003+/-0.12 ug/ml, 0.025+/-0.18 ug/ml, 0.013+/-0.12 ug/ml and 0.277+/-0.192 ug/ml. 3) Correlation coefficients between blood and urine are only significant in Zn (r=0.363, p<0.01). 4) In blood, correlation coefficients of Cd concentration and Pb, Zn are respectively 0.518 (p<0.01). 5) Correlation coefficients between Cd concentration in blood and Pb, Cu and Zn in urine are respectively r=-0.012, r=0.027, r=0.241 (p<0.05), and only Cd concentration and Zn is significant.
Cadmium ; Metals, Heavy

This study was carried out to investigate the heavy metal contents and their correlations between paddy soil and brown rice near the Kum-River area. In this study, eighty soil samples and forty brown rice samples were taken from the paddy soil. The contents of heavy metals were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were as follows: 1. The average contents of soluble heavy metals in surface soil were Cd 0.19, Cu 15.31, Zn 18.10 and Pb 9.08 ppm. The average contents of soluble heavy metals in subsurface soil were Cd 0.19, Cu 14.52, Zn 17.75 and Pb8.11 ppm. There wan no statistically significant difference between the two layers. 2. The contents of Cu, Zn and Pb of Taejeon(S6) and Cd of Sinbyung(S5) in surface soil were higher than those of other areas. The contents of Cd and Cu of Taejeon(S6) and Zn and Pb of Kumnam(S3) in brown rice were higher than those of other areas and four heavy metals in soil and brown rice of Simchon(S7) were lower than those of other areas. 3. The ratio of soluble contents(Cd : Cu : Zn : Pb) in surface soil was 1 : 79 : 93 : 47, that of soluble contents in subsurface soil was 1 : 79 : 94 : 43, and that of total contents in brown rice was 1 : 84 : 294 : 12. 4. The correlations of the content between soluble heavy metals in surface(0-15 cm depth) soil total heavy metals in brown rice was found to be order of Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb. The correlations of the content between soluble heavy metals in subsurface(20-30 cm depth) soil and total heavy metals in brown rice was found to be order of Cu>Cd>Zn>Pb.
Metals, Heavy ; Rivers* ; Soil* ; Spectrophotometry, Atomic

No abstract available.
Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory* ; Peritonitis, Tuberculous*

The presence and distribution of pan-neuroendocrine markers such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin (CG), and synaptophysin (SYP) were investigated by immunohistochemistry in 15 cases of neuroblastic tumors, including four cases of neuroblastomas, six cases of ganglioneuroblastomas, and five cases of ganglioneuromas. Three cases of normal sympathetic ganglion were used for the normal control group. NSE was observed in all cases and both in ganglion cells and in neuropils. NSE was detected not only in the majority of the neuroblasts showing signs of differentiation, but also in some poorly differentiated neuroblasts. All cases of neuroblastic tumors were positive for CG, however, some variability of staining intensity and distribution patterns were noted. CG was found mainly in differentiated neuroblasts with enlarged cytoplasm and nuclei along the periphery of the perikaria, and was also found in the perinuclear regions of some undifferentiated cells. SYP was positive in 9 of 11 cases. In all of the 9 cases, SYP was detected in some differentiating neuroblasts and differentiated neuroblasts, as well as the mature ganglion cells. However, it has scarcely stained in dot or granular pattern. Two CG-negative tumors were also negative for SYP. Our data indicate that antibodies against NSE and CG are helpful as a diagnostic aid for neuroblastic tumors.
Antibodies ; Cytoplasm ; Ganglia, Sympathetic ; Ganglion Cysts ; Ganglioneuroblastoma ; Ganglioneuroma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuroblastoma ; Neurons* ; Neuropil ; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase* ; Synaptophysin*

Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy,along with Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy,is an popular surgical technique performed on mandibular prognathism. However Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy has been suspected for an initial mobilization at the healing phase of segment because it does not employ the rigid fixation between segments. To execute a study on the healing phase of seg-ment after Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy on the horizontal plane, 102 patients (204 parts) who were diagnosed mandibular prog-nathism and took Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy at the Yonsei University dental hospital were observed during the period of before operation, immediately postoperation, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months. The change in the width of segment and horizontal angle of proximal segment and condylar head on the Submentovertex Cephalogram taken from those patients represented following results. 1. The width of proximal and distal segment decreased with the lapse of time. It decreased into 84.5% between immediate postoperative and 6M and even continued to decrease till 12M. 2. The horizontal angle of the proximal segment did medial rotation according as the lapse of time and rigorously continued till 3M.The rotation angle of condylar head indicated its tendency of recurrence to the original position but the entire recurrence was not allowed. The bigger an initial angle was, the higher was the tendency of recurrence after the operation while the rotation angle remained still bigger. 3. After grouping into group 1, group 2,and group 3 based on the extent of the variation of rotation angle of condylar head at immediate postoperative, the variation of rotation angle was measures in each group. The result presented that the initial rotation angle of condylar head had correlation with that of proximal segment but had no relation with the extent of setback of the mandible. However a quantitative analysis alone is not a sufficient method for analyzing the healing phase of segment on the horizontal plane.Therefore a multilateral analysis using 3 dimensional data such as CT is recommendable for the future study.
Head ; Humans ; Mandible ; Osteotomy* ; Prognathism* ; Recurrence

Normal and abnormal follicular growth and steroidogenesis depend on gonadotropins as well as intraovarian peptides, which may mediate or potentiate gonadotropin action. Inhibin also affect follicular development and steroidogenesis and may play a role in dominant follicle selection and follicular atresia. Therefore, we studied the differences of serum inhibin, gonadotropin and androgen levels in the women with only the ultrasound findings and no disorder, and polycystic ovary (PCO) with ovulatory disturbance. We prospectively analysed forty-three women with PCO. The diagnosis of PCO was based on typical appearance of the ovaries on TVS. Twelve women with regular menstrual cycle and normal ovarian morphology were selected as control. Basal levels of inhibin, luteinizing hormone(LH), follicle stimulating hormone(FSH), estradiol(E2), testosterone(T), androstenedione(ADD), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate(DS), prolactin and TSH in serum were determined. There were significant differences in basal LH levels and LH/FSH ratio between the control and the women with PCO. The basal levels of inhibin and E2 in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO (N=34) were significantly higher than those in the control. There was higher negative correlation between the inhibin and T levels in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO, but, not in the regular cycling PCO. Also, there was higher positive correlation between the LH and T levels in the oligo-amenorrheic PCO, but not in the regular cycling PCO. These data presume that the initial event of PCO is elevated pituitary LH secretion. Elevated levels of LH may down-regulate LH receptors on granulosa cells and also cause hypertrophy of the thecal layer. High level of androgen secreted by the hypertrophied thermal layer may stimulate inhibin secretion from granulosa cells and can be converted to estrogen by extraovarian tissues and could serve to augment pituitary sensitivity to GnRH with a resultant secretion of more LH follicular development and dominant follicle selection resulted in ovulatory disturbance.
Diagnosis ; Estrogens ; Female ; Follicular Atresia ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Granulosa Cells ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Inhibins* ; Lutein ; Menstrual Cycle ; Ovary* ; Peptides ; Prolactin ; Prospective Studies ; Receptors, LH ; Ultrasonography