No abstract available.

Augmentation mammoplasty can be done in various manners according to the way of approach. the type of implant or implatation site depending on the status and demand of the patients or the operator's preferrence. In reviewing the many published reports about augmentation mammoplasty, they compare their surgical outcomes with mixed factors, so it is difficult to compare the results of mammoplasty simply with one factor under the same conditions. We think that analyzing the surgical results with one consistent method enables to compare and decide the influencing effect of one factor within it in augmentation mammoplasty. We could find the fact that the Korean women who wanted augmentation mammoplasty had same physical characteristics and demands, so developed the standardized method of augmentation mammoplasty among those debatable data for the purpose of increasing the patients' satisfaction, decreasing the complications, and shortening the operation time. The method we adopted was placing the implant through transaxillary subpectoral approach and using the endoscope auxiliarily in additional dissection and hemostasis. We employed saline-filled implants of round, textured type with the size ranging fro 125cc to 175cc and overinflated them by 10 to 30% beyond its original volume. After irrigation of the dissected pocket, we placed the suction drainage system into the subpectoral pocket. We educated the patients to massage their breasts right after removal of the drain. During the period of follow-up (from 6 months to 24 months), most of the patients were satisfied with their operative results. Though we experienced one case of capsular contracture, one case of malposition of the implant, and three cases of scar contracture on axillar incision site, as a whole, we could minimize the complications associated with augmentation mammoplasty. We present our postoperative results with the conclusion that our standardized method of augmentation mammoplasty can bring results of high satisfaction rate, minimal complication, predictability of postoperative results, shortening of operation time when applied consistently to the Korean patients whose physical characteristics are similar. We also hope that stanadardized method can be used to compare the influencing effect of many factors in the case of changing one factor within the standardized in the future follow up period.
Breast ; Cicatrix ; Contracture ; Endoscopes ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemostasis ; Hope ; Humans ; Mammaplasty* ; Massage ; Suction

Anthracosis is a very common disease of the bronchus, while anthracosis of the gastrointestinal tract is extremely rare. Only a few cases of anthracosis of the esophagus have been reported and no cases of anthracosis of the terminal ileum are known, except one patient in Korea who was described as having melanosis ilei. A black pigmented lesion was detected in the terminal ileum on colonoscopic examination of a 51-year-old woman. Histological examination revealed a pigmented lesion beneath the mucosal epithelial layer and lymphoid follicular hyperplasia. The lesion consisted of an aggregation of histiocytes containing abundant tiny black pigments. She has taken oral charcoal for 7 years. We diagnosed anthracosis of the terminal ileum caused by oral charcoal and report a case of charcoal-induced anthracosis of the terminal ileum.
Anthracosis ; Bronchi ; Charcoal ; Esophagus ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Histiocytes ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Ileum ; Korea ; Melanosis ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVE: The involvement of IGF system in hyperandrogenism and abnormal follicular development is controversial. This study is to assess whether IGF system contribute to it in the women with polycystic ovary(PCO). METHODS: Baseline serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), androstenedione (ADD), prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free insulin-like growth factor(IGF)-I, free IGF-II, insulin-like growth factor binding protein(IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 were measured in twelve healthy regularly cycling volunteers and forty-two women with PCO then, the changes of baseline serum levels were evaluated after laparoscopic ovarian electrocauterization in nine PCO patients. In addition, the expression pattern of IGF-I and IGF-II was examined in the ovary of control and PCO group. RESULTS: Baseline levels of LH, ADD, free IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 were significantly higher in PCO group. However, there were no significant differences in the levels of free IGF-I and IGFBP-1, although free IGF-I showed decreasing tendency in PCO group. And there was a significant positive correlation between the LH and free IGF-II level in the PCO(P=0.011, r2=0.3899), but not in the control. After ovarian electrocauterization, LH, T, and ADD levels decreased, and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 level increased. While free IGF-II and IGFBP-1 level showed no significant changes. In the ovary, expression of both IGFs showed similar pattern in normal and PCO ovaries. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated IGFBP-3 level may alter the bioavailability of IGF(s) in the PCO. The change in IGF-I level and resumption of ovulation after electrocauterization, suggest a possible role of IGF system in the impairment of follicular development in the PCO.
Androstenedione ; Biological Availability ; Carrier Proteins* ; Estradiol ; Female ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone ; Humans ; Hyperandrogenism ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Ovary* ; Ovulation ; Prolactin ; Somatomedins* ; Testosterone ; Thyrotropin ; Volunteers

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to identify the discriminating power of dissociation as defined by depression, obsession, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI; psychopathology) in patients with psychological trauma. METHODS: Participants were patients (N=114) from "S" clinic for psychological trauma. Data were collected from April to June 2014 through semi-structured interviews and self-reports using a modified Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events, Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Beck Depression Inventory-2, Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory, and MMPI-2. RESULTS: Participants were grouped in to two groups depending on DES scores; dissociative (n=15) and non-dissociative (n=99). Depression, F-scale (infrequency), Ma (Hypomania), and Hs (Hypochondriasis) scale of MMPI correctly discriminated 86.8% of the sample. There were also significant differences in Obsession, K-scale (korrection), D (Depression), Hy (Hysteria), Pd (Psychopathic Deviate), Pa (Paranoia), Pt (Psychasthenia), Sc (Schizophrenia), Si (Social Introversion) scales of MMPI between two groups, but they were not significant discriminant factors. CONCLUSION: Future interventions for patients with high levels of dissociation and psychological trauma should focus on the prevention of suicide and chronic dissociation by assessing depression-related factors; suicidal behavior, impulsivity, aggression, and alexithymia. Therapists should also interpret patients' MMPI profiles carefully, especially in the presence of an extremely elevated F-scale.
Affective Symptoms ; Aggression ; Depression ; Dissociative Disorders ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Incidence ; Minnesota ; MMPI ; Obsessive Behavior ; Suicide ; Weights and Measures

No abstract available.
Pregnancy* ; Uterine Rupture*

BACGROUND: The accuracy and efficiency of a job performed by hospital employee can be linked directly with patients' health and life. It is considered that their irregular work and stress are relatively high as compared with other workplaces. In this article we tried to look into how job stress, working environment and factors of life-style influence sleep problems in hospital employees. METHODS: This research was conducted among 248 workers of a hospital in Busan on April, 2002. Sleep problems were categorized into insomnia, sleep deprivation, daytime sleepiness and snoring on the basis of the factor analysis of 11-item questions. The job stress was proposed by Karasek, etc., and measured by 14-item modified questions. The statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Statistically insomnia, sleep deprivation and daytime sleepiness showed a significant increase in women (OR:2.1/2.69/3.16) and shift workers (OR:4.67/3.28/1.98) and snoring showed a significant increase in obesity (OR:5.0) and smokers (OR:2.34). CONCLUSION: This research showed that many hospital employees perceive sleep disorders as critical. Especially, work shift seemed to be an important risk factor for sleep disorders.
Busan ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors ; Sleep Deprivation ; Sleep Wake Disorders ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Snoring

No abstract available.
Colon* ; Diverticulitis*

PURPOSE: The purposes of the study were to determine whether specific forms of childhood traumatic experience predicts post traumatic stress symptoms and dissociation and to investigate the mediating effects of bullying experience on forms of childhood trauma and post traumatic stress symptoms or dissociation. METHODS: Participants were patients (n=90) from "S" clinic for psychological trauma. Data were collected from January 2012 to January 2013 through semi-structured interviews and self-reports using a modified Lifetime Incidence of Traumatic Events, Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and Dissociative Experience Scale. RESULTS: The participants showed high rates for childhood trauma and high scores on post traumatic stress symptoms and dissociation, and 38.9% of participants self-reported experiencing more than three types of trauma. Physical abuse was found to be a significant predictor of post traumatic stress symptoms and dissociation. It was also found that bullying experience partially mediated the association between physical abuse and post traumatic stress symptoms or dissociation. CONCLUSION: Future interventions for patients with childhood trauma should focus on assessing the possibility of dissociation. As boys and girls who experienced physical abuse in childhood are likely to be victims of bullying, school counselors should assess their support system and refer to mental health professionals as necessary.
Bullying* ; Counseling ; Dissociative Disorders* ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Mental Health ; Negotiating* ; Self-Assessment ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*

In analyzing the postoperative results or evaluating the velopharyngeal incompetence after palatoplasty, speech evaluation is the inevitable factor. However, a standardized method for evaluating the speech problem in Korean cleft palate patients has not been available until now. So, the authors tried to establish a method of speech evaluation which is simple, economic and applicable to young patients, and to make a scoring method of the speech results in cleft palate patients based on the 'hypernasality diagnosing tool for cleft palate patient (OK Ran Jung)' which is commonly used by domestic speech therapists. The authors adopted the 'hypernasality diagnosing tool for cleft palate patients (OK Ran Jung)' male and female of children and adults, each consisting of 10 patients and make them speak according to the items about hypernasality and misarticulation evaluation, and record the results. We also calcuted the degree of the formants of the vowels (/a/, /o/, /u/)using sound spectrography. We examined the interjudge and intrajudge reliance of speech evaluation among the 10 inverstigators, revised the evaluation tool, devised the scoring method according to the above results, and compared the scoring results with those of sound spectrography to prove the reliance of our speech evaluation tool. With the scoring method, the authors could estimate the degree of hypemasality and misarticulation in cleft palate patients with evidence of reliability based on point-to-point agreement in two items. In comparing the results of our scoring method with the formant of vowels using sound spectrography, staistical significance existed except /u/F2 and that meant that our scoring method was reliable. We suggest that this simple, economic and reliable method of speech evaluation in cleft palate patients can create the basis for speech evaluation in patients of cleft palate and velopharyngeal incompetence under circumstances in which the results of various speech treatments are evaluated in comparison to various methods of speech evaluation.
Adult ; Articulation Disorders ; Child ; Cleft Palate* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Research Design ; Sound Spectrography ; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency