Uncontrolled or inadequately controlled postoperative pain may lead to delayed recovery from surgery, pulmonary complications, and restriction of mobility leading to increased risk of thromboembolism. Standardized regimens for pain management can lead to safer and better pain control. Of these regimens, patient-controlled analgesia, a delivery system with which patients self-administer small, predetermined analgesic doses, produced improved pain relief, greater patient satisfaction, less sedation, and fewer postoperative complications. Anesthesiologists have played an important role to make this pain management feasible. The introduction of acute pain services at hospitals prompted improvements in postoperative pain management in addition to the minimization of related complications.
Analgesia* ; Analgesia, Patient-Controlled ; Humans ; Pain Clinics ; Pain Management ; Pain, Postoperative ; Patient Satisfaction ; Postoperative Complications ; Thromboembolism

An animal model was used to study the effects of normobaric hyperoxia on pulmonary mechanics and histopathology. Thirty two rats (227+/-46gm) were divided into control (Group 1) in room air and 3 hyperoxic groups (n=8, each). Hyperoxic groups breathed F1O2 0.98 for 24 hr(Group 2), 48 hr(Group 3), and 72 hr(Group 4), respectively. After hyperoxia, rats were intubated through tracheostomy, and inflation and deflation compliances of lung-thorax [CLT(I), CLT(D)] were calculated. Body weight(BW) was measured, and lungs were removed and weighed(LW). The lung specimens were examined microscopically. At the 3rd day of hyperoxia, 5 of 8 rats were died (63% mortality). CLT(I) of Group 4 was low (p<0.05) compared with others, and CLT(D) of all hyperoxic groups were low (p<0.05) compared with control. Mean LW/BW (lung weight divided by body weight) was elevated (p<0.05) in Group 3 and Group 4. Pulmonary pathologic findings such as inflammation, congestion, alveolar and bronchial wall damage, pulmonary edema etc. became apparent (p<0.05) at the 3rd day. We conclude that during hyperoxia pulmonary compliance might be decreased and lung weight might be increased progressively, and pulmonary pathological appearance of normobaric hyperoxia (F1O2 > 0.98) resemble those of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Animals ; Compliance ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Hyperoxia* ; Inflammation ; Inflation, Economic ; Lung* ; Mechanics ; Models, Animal ; Pathology ; Pulmonary Edema ; Rats* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Tracheostomy

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to discover how much needle deflection occurs during spinal or epidural block and how it can be reduced. METHODS: A styrofoam block was used to simulate the paraspinal area of the back. A line was drawn perpendicular to the edge. Using the line as a guide, the needles were advanced through the block. Quincke-type needles of 22 and 25 gauge, pencil-type needles of 22 and 25 gauge or Tuohy needles of 17 and 18 gauge were used. Using a block of 6 cm thick, spinal needle was advanced through the introducer with their apertures facing to the same or opposite direction. The deflection from the perpendicular line was measured in mm intervals. RESULTS: Small-gauged and beveled spinal needles had more deflection depending on the block thickness (P < 0.05). However, the deflection of epidural needles was not consistent. When the bevel of the introducer and spinal needle was facing the same direction, the use of an introducer needle decreased the deflection in 22 and 25 G Quicke, and 25 G Whitacre needles (P < 0.05). When facing each other, the deflection was reduced in all the spinal needles (P < 0.05), and reduced more in the 25 G Quicke needles (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the estimated depth of the spinal canal, needle type, bevel direction, its gauge and the use of an introducer needle, we can take advantage of the deflection phenomenon to reduce post-dural puncture headache and to increase the success rate of a spinal or epidural block.
Needles* ; Post-Dural Puncture Headache ; Spinal Canal

INTRODUCTION: One-lung ventilation (OLV), as a model for adult respiratory distress syndrome, was performed in 8 mongrel dogs, which were made a little hypoxemic by adjusting inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2) in order to know the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on cardiopulmonary hemodynamics and oxygenation during OLV in lateral position. METHODS: Double-lumen endobronchial tube was intubated through tracheostomy. OLV was performed in lateral position by turning to the side where Swan-Ganz catheter tip was located. FIO2 was adjusted to set SpO2 around 85~90%. After stabilization, cardiopulmonary hemodynamic variables and various oxygenation-related parameters were measured respectively at 5 steps: 1) OLV, 2) OLV and 20 PPM of NO inhalation, 3) OLV, 4) OLV and 40 PPM of NO inhalation, 5) OLV. NO (titrated in N2 tank at concentration of 800 PPM) was administered through low-pressure inlet of ventilator and diluted by inspiratory fresh gas. FIO2 setting of ventilator was slightly increased during NO administration to compensate for FIO2 decrease due to NO titration gas (N2) mixing. NO and NO2 concentration was monitored at the inspiratory limb of breathing circuit by a electrochemical analyzer. RESULTS: There were no difference about hemodynamic variables such as blood pressure (BP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). Neither were different calculated hemodynamic variables such as systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), pulmonary perfusion pressure (PPP), cardiac index (CI), and right ventricular stroke work index (RVSWI). PaO2/FIO2, AaDO2, and S/T were significantly different between step 3 and step 4. But other oxygenation-related parameters such as O2, O2 flux, and O2 ER extraction ratio were not different. CONCLUSIONS: NO inhalation may have a potential for relieving hypoxemia during OLV of dogs in lateral position.
Animals ; Anoxia* ; Arterial Pressure ; Bays ; Blood Pressure ; Catheters ; Central Venous Pressure ; Dogs* ; Extremities ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Inhalation ; Nitric Oxide* ; One-Lung Ventilation ; Oxygen* ; Perfusion ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure ; Respiration ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Stroke ; Tracheostomy ; Vascular Resistance ; Ventilators, Mechanical

We experienced a case of open heart surgery for correction of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus in five years old boy with hemophilia A. Factor VIII activity in this patient was 0.7% of normal activity. He received 2,000 unit of factor VIII intravenously for loading dose and has been infused 6 unit/kg/hour for 12 hours before the operation. And his factor VIII activity was 68% in the morning of the operation day. During the operation, he received 6 unit/kg/hour of factor VIII. After intracardiac anomaly was repaired and protamine was injected, we administrated 1000 unit of factor VIII. At that time, his factor VIII was 57%. After operation was done, he received 6 unit/kg/hour of factor VIII during stay in ICU and postoperative 14 days. His factor VIII activity was maintained at 36~104% during stay in hospital. So we report a successful case of perioperative management for the open heart surgery in patient with hemophilia A.
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Factor VIII ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Heart* ; Hemophilia A* ; Humans ; Male ; Thoracic Surgery*

We experienced a case of open heart surgery for correction of ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus in five years old boy with hemophilia A. Factor VIII activity in this patient was 0.7% of normal activity. He received 2,000 unit of factor VIII intravenously for loading dose and has been infused 6 unit/kg/hour for 12 hours before the operation. And his factor VIII activity was 68% in the morning of the operation day. During the operation, he received 6 unit/kg/hour of factor VIII. After intracardiac anomaly was repaired and protamine was injected, we administrated 1000 unit of factor VIII. At that time, his factor VIII was 57%. After operation was done, he received 6 unit/kg/hour of factor VIII during stay in ICU and postoperative 14 days. His factor VIII activity was maintained at 36~104% during stay in hospital. So we report a successful case of perioperative management for the open heart surgery in patient with hemophilia A.
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent ; Factor VIII ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Heart* ; Hemophilia A* ; Humans ; Male ; Thoracic Surgery*

Thoracic epidural analgesia is the most effective method of managing post-thoracotomy pain. However, the catheter may be misplaced into the intrapleural, intercostal, subarachnoid, or intravascular space. Intravascular misplacement of a catheter can be detected by aspiration of blood or administration of a test dose of local anesthetic; however, these methods may result in a false-negative response. Moreover, a catheter placed in the epidural space may migrate into a blood vessel during the intraoperative period. Thus, the location of the catheter tip should always be determined before local anesthetic is administered. We report a case of intraoperative intravascular migration of a thoracic epidural catheter in a 32-year-old male who underwent left thoracotomy.
Analgesia, Epidural ; Blood Vessels ; Catheters ; Epidural Space ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; Intraoperative Period ; Male ; Punctures ; Thoracotomy

Animal study was performed to determine the changes in rat lung permeability in hyperoxic condition. 3 groups of rats (n=8 each) were exposed to 100% oxygen for 24 hr(group 2), 48 hr(group 3) and 72 hr(group 4), respectively, and compared with control (group 1 at room air, n=8). The time course of development of solute flux was evaluated by the clearance of 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate ( 99mTc-DTPA) from the lung, Afterwards, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to measure the concentration of albumin and determine the evidence of cell injury and inflammation in lung. BAL fluids were analyzed to determine several markers of cell injury and inflammation including total and differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LD), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), extracellular potassium (K+) and globulin (total protein minus albumin). 99mTc-DTPA clearance was significantly increased by exposure for 48 hours of hyperoxia. Albumin concentration ratio (BAL albumin concentration divided by serum albumin concentration) was increased sharply after 48 hr. Significant changes in WBC counts and differential counts were not found until 48 hr of hyperoxia. Elevated LD concentration was observed at 48 hr and thereafter, and ALP, K+, and globulin concentration ratio (BAL globulin /serum globulin) was significantly high only in group 4. Mortality was not observed until 72 hr when 3 of 8 rats were dead. It is concluded that significant 99mTc-DTPA clearance, and cellular and biochemical findings of BAL could not be observed until 48 hr in rats exposed to 100 % oxygen.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Cell Count ; Hyperoxia ; Inflammation ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Lung* ; Mortality ; Oxygen* ; Permeability ; Potassium ; Rats* ; Serum Albumin ; Therapeutic Irrigation*

A 76-year-old, 148-cm woman was scheduled for right upper lobectomy. A 32 Fr left-sided double lumen tube was placed using a conventional technique. Despite several attempts under fiberoptic bronchoscope-guidance, we could not locate the double lumen tube properly. We thus decided to proceed with the bronchial tube in the right mainstem bronchus. During surgery, 8-cm-long laceration was noted on the posterolateral side of the trachea. To check the possibility of laceration of the proximal trachea, the double lumen tube was changed to an LMA for use as a conduit for fiberoptic bronchoscopic evaluation in the lateral position. A plain endotracheal tube with the cuff modified and collapsed was re-intubated after evaluation. And then she was transferred to SICU.
Aged ; Bronchi ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Lacerations ; Trachea

BACKGROUND: Accurate placement of double-lumen endobronchial tube(DLT) is essential for successful one-lung anesthesia. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of bronchial cuff inflation technique for accurate placement of DLT. METHODS: One hundred and five patients undergoing elective thoracotomy which required the use of DLTs were studied. Following induction of anesthesia, the tip of the left-sided DLT was advanced just past the vocal cords, the stylet in the endobronchial lumen was removed and the tube was rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise. After rotation of DLT, the bronchial cuff was inflated with air(4-6 ml) and the tube was advanced until resistance to further passage was encountered. After deflating of the bronchial cuff, the tube was advanced 2 cm more distally. The fiberoptic bronchoscopy was then introduced into the tracheal lumen of the tube and the tube's position was evaluated. RESULTS: In the 100 patients out of 105 patients, the tube was inserted into the left side bronchus correctly. In the 77 patients(77 %) out of 100 patients, the position of DLTs was evaluated as ideally placed. In the 16 patients(16 %), the tube was evaluated as too deeply inserted into the appropriate bronchus and in the other 7 patients, the tube was too shallow. But only one patient needed repositioning. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchial cuff inflation technique may be useful for accurate placement of DLT for the one-lung anesthesia in the situation without fiberoptic bronchoscope.
Anesthesia ; Bronchi ; Bronchoscopes ; Bronchoscopy ; Humans ; Inflation, Economic* ; Thoracotomy ; Vocal Cords