A case of giant ureteral stone on the left lower third is presented with a review of literature. The patient reported herein was 54 year-old woman with only mild flank and suprapubic discomfort but relatively silent process. Excretory urogram revealed a hen-egg sized lower ureteral stone with marked hydronephrosis on the left side The right one is of an appearance of normal urogram. She underwent ureteronephrectomy en the left side for poor function, urinary infection and marked hydronephrosis At operation, a large calculus was revealed in the left lower ureter, which was a grayish brown color. 4.2/6.1/7.0 cm in size and weighed 16.8Gm.
Calculi ; Female ; Humans ; Hydronephrosis ; Middle Aged ; Ureter*

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of switching to faricimab for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) demonstrating a limited response to prior anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with neovascular AMD who had residual subretinal fluid (SRF) or intraretinal fluid (IRF) despite treatment with ranibizumab or aflibercept, and who were subsequently treated with faricimab. The study assessed changes in best-corrected visual acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) and central retinal thickness (CRT), as well as differences in the incidence of SRF, IRF, and serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment (S-PED) with versus without switching to faricimab. Results: The study included 22 eyes. Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.31 ± 0.21 before switching to faricimab to 0.28 ± 0.19 after the switch (p = 0.172). CRT significantly decreased from 336.7 ± 83.3 to 279.9 ± 51.1 μm (p = 0.002). Prior to switching, SRF was noted in 17 patients (94.4%), IRF in 5 (27.8%), and S-PED in 4 (22.2%). Following the switch to faricimab, these figures dropped to 13 (72.2%), 4 (22.2%), and 3 (16.7%), respectively. A complete resolution of retinal edema was achieved in four patients (22.2%) after the treatment switch. Conclusions Switching to faricimab in patients with neovascular AMD who had a limited response to previous treatments led to significant anatomical improvements. Faricimab may be a valuable treatment option for these patients.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept-bevacizumab alternate dosing (AD) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with a limited response to bimonthly aflibercept injections. Methods: This retrospective study included patients given aflibercept-bevacizumab AD to treat neovascular AMD with bevacizumab given every alternate month between bimonthly aflibercept injections when they had a limited response to bimonthly aflibercept alone. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were compared before AD and after the last AD. The incidence of subretinal fluid (SRF) and intraretinal fluid (IRF) before and after AD was also examined. Results: The study included 18 patients. The mean period between the diagnosis and AD was 37.9 ± 18.8 months and a mean of 3.1 ± 2.2 ADs were performed. The BCVA improved significantly from 0.45 ± 0.28 before AD to 0.36 ± 0.23 after AD (p = 0.036). The CRT decreased significantly from 440.3 ± 122.9 μm before AD to 317.7 ± 103.5 after AD (p = 0.001). The SRF was present in 94.4% and IRF in 55.6% before AD and in 22.2% and 11.1%, respectively, after AD. Conclusions Aflibercept–bevacizumab AD was effective at resolving SRF/IRF in neovascular AMD with a limited response to bimonthlyaflibercept injections and should be a useful treatment option.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results and complications in difficult periarticular fractures of the knee treated with a circular(Ilizarov) external fixator. The mean follow-up period was 34 months(range: 12-55 months). Of the 27 cases, 12 cases involved fractures of distal femur (two M ller type A3, four type C2, six type C3) and 15 cases involved fractures of the proximal tibia (one Schatzker type V, eight type VI, two segmental, four metaphyseal comminuted fractures). Twenty-two cases(81%) were open fractures and most of the cases were open intra-articular comminuted fractures. The average duration of external fixation was 7.7 months (9.8 months for the distal femur cases, 6.5 months for the proximal tibia cases and 11.5 months for the cases which required lengthening, and 6 months in the non-lengthening group). In 8 cases, in which bone lenthening was done, no leg length discrepancy occurred after lengthening. The mean length gained was 5.9 cm and the mean healing index was 1.8 months/cm (1.8months/cm in distal femur cases and 1.9 months/cm in proximal tibia cases). According to Neers criteria, the treatment results for cases involving distal femur fracture were as follows: six satisfactory, three unsatisfactory, three failures; cases with proximal tibia fractures had these results: nine excellent, three satisfactory, three unsatisfactory. Average range of motion was 67 degrees in distal femur fracture cases and 114 degrees in proximal tibia fracture cases. According to Paleys complication grading system, six problems, six obstacles, and eight com- plications occurred. In conclusion, the Ilizarov external fixator can be a useful treatment method in periarticular fractures of the knee with severe intra-articular or metaphyseal comminution, bone loss, severe soft tissue injury, or multiple associated injury. Its use can reduce the associated complications such as leg length discrepancy, infection, and nonunion.
External Fixators* ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Fractures, Open ; Knee* ; Leg ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Soft Tissue Injuries ; Tibia

Purpose: To investigate the effectiveness of shortening the injection interval to < 2 months in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with limited response to bimonthly aflibercept injections. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records for neovascular AMD patients who received aflibercept injections with < 2 month intervals (shortened injection) because of limited response to bimonthly injections. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) were compared before and after shortened injections. The incidence of complete resolution of retinal edema was also analyzed. Results: A total of 28 patients were included, with a mean duration between diagnosis and shortened injection of 43.0 ± 20.5 months. The interval of the first shortened injection was 5 weeks in 8 eyes and 6 weeks in 20 eyes. BCVA changed from mean logarithm of minimal angle of resolution of 0.37 ± 0.21 to 0.32 ± 0.20 after shortening (p = 0.075). The mean CRT reduced significantly from 389.3 ± 73.7 μm to 242.1 ± 91.9 μm after shortening (p < 0.001). Retinal fluids resolved completely in 11 (39.3%) eyes after a single shortened injection, and in 15 (53.6%) eyes after two or more shortened injections. Conclusions Shortening the injection interval to < 2 months had good anatomical efficacy in neovascular AMD with limited response to bimonthly aflibercept injections. However, the efficacy for improvement in visual acuity was limited. Further studies are required to investigate the long-term outcomes.

Purpose: To evaluate the short-term outcomes of intravitreal injection therapy using the ranibizumab biosimilar CKD-701 in macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from patients diagnosed with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion who received intravitreal injections of CKD-701. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) before and after a single injection were compared. Additionally, differences in these indicators were assessed between central and branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO/BRVO). Results: The study included 22 subjects, with 17 cases of BRVO and 5 cases of CRVO. The efficacy was evaluated at 6.0 ± 2.2 weeks after injection. CRT decreased significantly from 534.8 ± 224.9 µm before injection to 367.8 ± 162.7 µm after injection (p < 0.001). The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA improved significantly from 0.58 ± 0.41 to 0.48 ± 0.37 after injection (p = 0.002). The CRVO group showed a greater reduction in CRT compared to the BRVO group (p = 0.006). Conclusions A single injection of CKD-701 significantly improved both functional and anatomical outcomes in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Additional long-term studies are needed.

Purpose: To evaluate the short-term outcomes of intravitreal injection therapy using the ranibizumab biosimilar CKD-701 in macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from patients diagnosed with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion who received intravitreal injections of CKD-701. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) before and after a single injection were compared. Additionally, differences in these indicators were assessed between central and branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO/BRVO). Results: The study included 22 subjects, with 17 cases of BRVO and 5 cases of CRVO. The efficacy was evaluated at 6.0 ± 2.2 weeks after injection. CRT decreased significantly from 534.8 ± 224.9 µm before injection to 367.8 ± 162.7 µm after injection (p < 0.001). The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA improved significantly from 0.58 ± 0.41 to 0.48 ± 0.37 after injection (p = 0.002). The CRVO group showed a greater reduction in CRT compared to the BRVO group (p = 0.006). Conclusions A single injection of CKD-701 significantly improved both functional and anatomical outcomes in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Additional long-term studies are needed.

Purpose: To evaluate the short-term outcomes of intravitreal injection therapy using the ranibizumab biosimilar CKD-701 in macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from patients diagnosed with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion who received intravitreal injections of CKD-701. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) before and after a single injection were compared. Additionally, differences in these indicators were assessed between central and branch retinal vein occlusion (CRVO/BRVO). Results: The study included 22 subjects, with 17 cases of BRVO and 5 cases of CRVO. The efficacy was evaluated at 6.0 ± 2.2 weeks after injection. CRT decreased significantly from 534.8 ± 224.9 µm before injection to 367.8 ± 162.7 µm after injection (p < 0.001). The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA improved significantly from 0.58 ± 0.41 to 0.48 ± 0.37 after injection (p = 0.002). The CRVO group showed a greater reduction in CRT compared to the BRVO group (p = 0.006). Conclusions A single injection of CKD-701 significantly improved both functional and anatomical outcomes in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion. Additional long-term studies are needed.

No abstract available.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the quality of and trends in artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot responses to questions related to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to analyze the frequency of incorrect key information. Methods: Three chatbots, ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4.0, and Gemini, were used in this study. Nine questions were formulated covering general information about: 1) AMD, 2) AMD treatment options, 3) effects and side effects of intraocular injections. Each question was queried three times with each of the three chatbots using two different accounts. Responses to items 1–3 were rated as poor/acceptable/good, and the frequency of incorrect key information was noted. Results: Overall, the majority of the queries received acceptable or good responses. Poor-quality responses were noted in 16.7% of ChatGPT 3.5 responses. Incorrect key information was present in 6.5% of all responses. Conclusions While AI chatbots generally provided acceptable responses to questions regarding AMD, some responses contained incorrect key information, suggesting the need for caution when accessing medical information through AI chatbots.