STUDY DESIGN: This biomechanical study was designed to perform flexibility tests in multiple loading directions to compare the stabilizing effects of supplemental hook or pedicle screw fixation on short segment pedicle instrumentation system. OBJECTIVE: To compare biomechanical flexibilities of short segment pedicle instrumentation constructs added by hook or pedicle screw fixation in an unstable calf spine model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Short segment pedicle instrumentation is using recently for the surgical treatment of the unstable burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine, but a high incidence of early screw tai lure in short segment pedicle instrumentation has reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten fresh frozen calf spines (T10-L3) were loaded with pure uncosstrained moments in flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending directions. A maximum moment of 6.4 Nm was achieved in 5 steps using dead weights. After removal of L1 vertebral body, testing was performed on intact specimens first and then each specimen after laminar hook or pedicle screw insertion on the short segment pedicle instrumentation of ISOLA implant. Any kinds of graft material or transfixation device were not used to make the worst possible case of instability of an injured spine. Three different fixation methods were instrumented. These included: (1) one level aboye and one level below with pedicle screw, (2) 2 levels above with pedicle screw and hook and one level below with pedicle screw, and (3) 2 levels abode and one level below with pedicle screws. RESULTS: At the level of corpectomy, all fixation methods significantly reduced motions in flexion, extension, and lateral bending as compared to the intact motion (P<0.001). The differences between all constructs were not statistically significant. The addition of a hook or screw on the short segment pedicle screw construct was not significantly reduced the flexibi lite as compared to the short segment pedicle screw construct. Axial rotational motions in groups I, II, and III were similar with each other and with intact motion as well and there were no significant statistical difference. The addition of the hook or screw on the short segment pedicle construct showed more stability as compared to the pedicle screw construct, but statistical difference was not. The addition of hook or screw on the short segment pedicle screw construct showed similar stability in all motions with each other. At the level above corpectomyl all tested fixation methods did not improve the axial rotational stability beyond the intact case, but reduced flexion, extension, and lateral bending motions significantly (p<0.001). The addition of hook or screw on the short segment pedicle screw construct showed significant stability in all motions (p<0.001) as compared to the short segment pedicle screw construct and their stabilities were similar with each other. CONCLUSIONS: All fixation methods showed more stabilities in all motions than normal specimen. The addition of pedicle screw on the short segment pedicle screw constructs are more stable than the addition of hook, but there was no statistical difference. Adding one level of fixation cranial to the fracture using pedicle screws or hooks may be necessary to decrease the rate of clinical failure and to enhance the stability of the construct with short segment pedicle instrumentation
Incidence ; Pliability ; Spine ; Transplants ; Weights and Measures

STUDY DESIGN: Lumbar disc degeneration and segmental instability of the lumbar spine are causes of low back pain. Disc degeneration causes specific changes of the intervertebral disc, and could affect anatomic variations of end plate and vetebral body. However, the exact relationship between degenerative changes of the intervertebral disc and segmental motion characteristics is not known. It is known that radial tears of the annulus fibrosus initiate or accompany degenerative process of nucleus pulposus and the motion segment. It is hypothesis of this study that the existence of radial tear in the annulus fibrosis affects 3 dimension motion characteristics of motion segment. For the purpose, the degree of intervertebral disc degeneration is newly classified by existence of radial tear. Then, the resulting biomechanical motions are investigated. OBJECTIVES: To investigate effects of disc degeneration by the classification on kinematic motions of the motion segment from human lumbar spine and to suggest a quantified method to determine spinal instability in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 spinal motion segments from human lumbar spine was used for this study. To measure 3 dimensioal motion of the motion segments, Vicon system(Oxford, England) with 3 cameras reflective markers and VAX station was used. 6 kinds of pure moments(flexion, extension, right and left axial rotation, and right and left lateral bending) were applied to the motion segments using dead weight for each loading step. At the end of test(maximum loading), motion segments were frozen for anatomical study. For making clear the degree of the degeneration of the disc, a new classification based on MRI results was used: Grade 1 is a normal young disc without tear; Grade 2 is a normal aging disc without radial tear; Grade 3 is a degenerative disc with radial tear; and Grade 4 is a severely degenerative disc with radial tear and other degeneration such as showing decreased disc height. RESULTS: The upper lumbar specimens with radial tears has increased flexion motions as compared to the normal group. Also, the right and left axial rotation in radial tear group increased as compared to the normal group. However, there were no statistical differences in other motions. For the lower lumbar specimens, there were no significant differences in measured motions in all directions between the normal and radial tear groups CONCLUSIONS: These results suggests that the segmental motions are affected by radial tear in the intervertebral disc. Thus, the radial tear in the annulus fibrosus of lumbar intervertebral disc could cause the instability of lumbar spine. Further research is required to determine the relationship between other structural changes and biomechanical characteristics, and future studies should include in vivo investigations to correlate these findings to patients'symptoms.
Aging ; Classification ; Fibrosis ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration ; Low Back Pain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Spine

A case of lupus vulgaris who has the typical skin lesion on the patella region of the right knee was presented. The patient is 9 years old, the generally healthy male, and is no special finding of chest X-ray but tuberculin test was strong positive. The skin lesion started about 2 years ago as baby's palm sized erythematous patch with apple jelly nodule on the right knee joint region. Diagnosis was made by characteristic of clinical appearance and histulagial finding including other laboratory data. The treatment was done with INAH, PAS, streptomycin and pyridoxine for 3 months. Now,The skin lesion is almost healed and still continue treatment and observation go on.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Knee Joint* ; Knee* ; Lupus Vulgaris* ; Male ; Patella* ; Pyridoxine ; Skin ; Streptomycin ; Thorax ; Tuberculin Test

Angiogenesis is an essential process in tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF has been considered a leading candidate inducing tumor angiogenesis. VEGF expression was significantly correlated with clinical stage, lymph node matastasis, and prognosis of cancers of various parts of body. However, little has been known about the correlation between VEGF expression and clinicopathologic parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to correlate VEGF expression with the clinicopathological parameters and microvessel density. Forty six oral squamous cell carcinomas were analyzed using immunohistochemical method with primary antibodies to VEGF and CD31. VEGF expression was detected in 33 (71.7%) of the 46 cases. The microvessel density was significantly correlated with VEGF expression (P=0.002). There was no correlation between microvessel density and tumour size, clinical stage, and lymph node metastasis, respectively. VEGF expression did not correlate with the histological grade of tumour differentiation, tumour size, and clinical stages. The VEGF-positive rate seemed to be higher in patients with cervical lymph nodal metastasis than in those without it, but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the overexpression of VEGF in the oral squamous cell carcinoma seemed to be associated with a more aggressive course of the disease. Further study is necessary to define the role of VEGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Antibodies ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Microvessels* ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

Xeroderma pigmentosum, a rare, genetically determined dermatosis, is often cornplicated by malignant chagnes of various types-most commonly, basal-cell epithelioma, squamous cell epithelioma, less frequently malignant meIanoma, keratoacanthoma, fibrosarcoma, and endothelioma have been reported. In Korea, no case has ever been reported in literature except four cases at a symposium for dermatology, two of them complicated by basal-cell epithelioma, and the others by squamous cell epithelioma. This case reported was complicated by squamous cell epithelioma. As one of the anticancer treatments, especially for skin cancer, Bleomycin is, now, drawing the attention for its high therapeutic index with only few side effects. For this case, we injected Rleomycin 15mg at once, twice a week, for 8 weeks, So total injection was 16 times and 240mg of Bleomycin was given in total. While this amount given for this case was not enough for the complete treatment of squamous cell epithelioma, we got the following results: 1. Clinically, the ulcerated lesion of the cancer on the right ala nasi had shrunken in size with reepithelialization at the margin showing clear surface, and 2. microscopically, the atypical cancer cell masses and individual cell keratinizations had been decreased in size and in number, and less remarkable comparing to those in untreated stage at his first visit to the hospital.
Bleomycin* ; Carcinoma* ; Dermatology ; Fibrosarcoma ; Keratoacanthoma ; Korea ; Skin Diseases ; Skin Neoplasms ; Ulcer ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum

We analyzed ERCP findings of 15 patients with clonorchiasis, that were confirmed by stool examination and operation from May, 1976 to September, 1980. The results were as follows. 1) Filling defects due to adult worm of clonorchis sinensis were significant direct findings of clonorchiasis. 2) Irregular stenosis, fuzziness, raggedness, peripheral dilation and disturbance of peripheral filling of intrahepatic bile ducts were significant indirect findings of clonorchiasis. 3) ERCP was excellent method to evaluate biliary tree in patients with clonorchiasis, who showed obstructive jaundice.
Adult ; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic ; Biliary Tract ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Clonorchiasis* ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Humans ; Jaundice, Obstructive

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of argyrophilic nucleoalr organizer regions (AgNORs) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) by using DMBA hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis which provides a good experimental model in reproducing steps from precancerous lesions to invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The buccal pouches of 50 Syrian hamsters were applied with 0.5% DMBA in mineral oil three times a week to reproduce various lesions from precancerous ones such as hyperkeratosis or epithelial dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Their sections were stained with H & E, and silver colloid, and processed immunohistochemically by being applied with monoclonal antibody to PCNA. The histopathologic examainations were done and the counts of AgNORs were evaluated. The PCNA labelling indices on each lesions were evaluated. The correlation between histopathological grades and counts of AgNORs or PCNA labelling indices were evaluated. The number of AgNORs was 2.22+/-0.22 in control group, 3.46+/-0.72 in carcinoma in situ (CIS), 3.78+/-0.63 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), respectively. AgNORs significantly increased in severe epithelial dysplasia, CIS, and SCC compared with normal tissue (P<0.05). The PCNA Labeling Index (LI) was 39.47+/-6.68% in control group, 79.61+/-4.14% in CIS, and 85.43+/-6.25% in SCC, respectively. PCNA LI also significantly increased in epithelial dysplasia, CIS, and SCC compared with normal tissue (P<0.05). The number of AgNORs, AgNOR area, and PCNA LI slightly increased in the advancing front than in the center of SCC, but, it was not statistically significant. It appeared that there were a good correlation between the number of AgNORs and PCNA LI (Pierson correlation coefficient : 0.649, P<0.001). These results suggested that the number of AgNORs and the PCNA LI could be useful markers for evaluating the risk of malignant transformation and prognosis of SCC. It was thought that the clinical usefulness of these markers should be verified by using human tissue specimens.
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene ; Animals ; Carcinogenesis* ; Carcinoma in Situ ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Colloids ; Cricetinae* ; Humans ; Mesocricetus ; Mineral Oil ; Models, Theoretical ; Prognosis ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; Silver

A poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is partly due to the invasiveness and metastasis of the tumor. A key element in tumor invasion and metastasis in the degradation of extracellular matrix is matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This study was performed to determine the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 of oral SCCs with regard to the histologic invasiveness and differentiation in 5 normal oral mucosa and 36 oral SCCs. The histologic invasiveness of oral SCCs were classified into 4 grades. The differentiation of oral SCCs was divided into 3 grades. The streptavidin-biotin immunohistochemical staining, using MMP-2 and MMP-9 monoclonal antibodies, was performed to determine the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. The expression of MMP-2 was positive in 6 of 17 oral SCCs with weak invasiveness and was positive in 7 of 19 oral SCCs with strong invasiveness. The MMP-2 expression did not increase significantly with respect to the invasiveness of oral SCCs (P>0.05). The expression of MMP-9 was strongly positive in 6 out of 17 SCCs with weak invasiveness and was strongly positive in 14 of 19 SCCs with strong invasiveness. The MMP-9 expression increased significantly with respect to the invasiveness of oral SCCs; the stronger the expression, the stronger the invasiveness (P<0.05). The expression of MMP-9 was in 57.9% of well differentiated SCCs, 57.1% of moderately differentiated ones, and 33.3% of poorly differentiated SCCs. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 did not increase significantly with respect to the histologic differentiation. We conclude that with respect to the invasiveness, the MMP-9 expression increases significantly in oral SCCs but the MMP-2 expression does not; and that with respect to the histologic differentiation, their expressions do not increase significantly. These results suggeste that MMP-9 can be used as a tool to evaluate the invasiveness of oral SCCs.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Extracellular Matrix ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2* ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Mouth Mucosa ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Prognosis

The importance of the preoperative intraocular pressure cannot be overemphasized for cataract operation. We compared the preoperative intraocular pressure between the conventional retrobulbar anesthesia technique and the pin point anesthesia technique with different anesthetic dosage using tono-pen in 23 patients(41 eyes) divided into 4 groups. In the 1st group(10 eyes), after conventional retrobulbar injection was performed using 3ml of 2% lidocaine, digital massage was done for 10 minutes. In 2nd group(13 eyes), 2% lidocaine 1.0ml was injected into subtenon's space(true muscle cone) through the small hole in the superior temporal quadrant 8mm posterior to limbus using specially designed blunt, curved cannula without any method to decrease the intraocular pressure (pin point anesthesia). In the 3rd group(13 eyes), and 4th group(5 eyes), same procedure was performed as 2nd group using 0.75ml and 0.50ml of 2% lidocaine respectively. As a results, in 1st group, average intraocular pressure was decreased around 5.6mm Hg after digital massage. In the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th group, preoperative intraocular pressure increased by 2.2, 0.8, and 0.5mmHg. As comparison of three group of the pin point anesthesia, in the 2nd group, sometimes there were mild chemosis, in the 4th group, often discomfort, in contrast, in 3rd group there were no chemosis, pain or discomfort. As a conclusion we want to recommend a pin poit anesthesia using 0.75ml of 2% lidocaine for the routine cataract operation.
Anesthesia* ; Cataract ; Catheters ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Lidocaine ; Massage

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic availability of the morphology of mitochondria to identify the nature or the origin of neoplasms. MATRIALS AND METHODS: We analysed two cases of ovarian malignancy- a case of malignant steroid cell tumor, unclassified and a case of metastatic carcinosarcoma from the adrenal cortex- which were difficult to identify the origin and the nature of the tumor for special staining, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural methods. RESULTS: To evaluate the nature or the origin of neoplasms, we performed immuno histochemistry for various antigens and special stains, however the specific diagnostic clues were not provided by these modalities. The ultrastructural characteristics of mitochondria of neoplastic cells showing tubular or tubulo-vesicular inner mitochondrial membranes provided diagnostic clues as a marker for steroidogenic potential. The morphology of mitochondria is related to the enzyme activity and steroid-biosynthetic capacity of cells. Especially, the inner mitochondrial membrane structure is believed to be related to the steroid biosynthetic activity. In hypofunctional state of corticosteroid productian, a reduced number of inner mitochondrial membranes showing tubular patterns is noted. In cantrast, the stimulation of steroidogenesis result in a progressive increase of mitochondrial membrane showing densely packed rounded vesicular patterns via tubulo-vesicular patterns according to the activity of steroidogenesis. CONCLUSION: The tubular, the vesicular and the tubulo-vesicular mitochondria will be valuable to identify the uncertainty of nature and origin of tumor as a stemidogenic.
Carcinosarcoma ; Coloring Agents ; Diagnosis* ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial Membranes ; Uncertainty