At first, we review a sample size estimation method for log-rank test in survival analysis. Although it is widely used these days, it has a weakness for practical use. We propose a modification method to avoid the weakness.
Sample Size*

This study was undertaken for the clinical analysis and evaluation on 121 patients with incompetent internal os of the cervix, who were admitted and treated with McDonald operation or Shirodkar operation at the Soonchounhyang Medical Center from January 1991 to December 1995. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The incidence of this IIOC was 1.1% of 11,116 cases of total delivery. 2. The mean age of IIOC was 31.7 years old. 3. The average number of gravida was 3.2. 4. The most common contributary factor was previous history of artificial abortion (51.2 %), and midtrimester abortion (17.4 %), cervical laceration due to previous vaginal delivery (8.3 %) etc. was followed. 5. The success rate of operation was 76 %, and the highest success rate (85.7 %) was reveald with period from 15th weeks to 16th weeks of gestation. 6. When cervical dilatation was abscent or small, the success rate of operation was high. 7. The factors of failed operation were preterm labor (58.7 %), PROM (34.5 %), and PIH, bleeding. 8. The delivery method after operation was vaginal delivery in 83 cases (68.6%) and cesarean section in 38 cases (31.4 %).
Cervix Uteri* ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Labor Stage, First ; Lacerations ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Humerus*

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify degrees of maternal conflict, differences, and factors predicting conflict in mothers of toddlers. METHOD: A convenience sample of 300 mothers living in G city, Kyounggi-do whose child was between 12 to 36 months old was used. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey and analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0. RESULTS: The average score for maternal conflict was 67.35 (SD=10.18), somewhat lower than moderate in level. 'I as a human being' was the area of the 6-sub areas with the most conflict. Mothers experiencing higher maternal conflict were those who were less satisfied with marriage, quality of life, and maternal role, and whose child was stubborn and hard to please, who were unsatisfied with baby sitters or who had to rush their sick child to hospital. Factors that were significant in predicting maternal conflict were low satisfaction with maternal role and marriage, and a child who was difficult to care for. These factors accounted for 22% of explained variance. CONCLUSION: Nurses should help mothers resolve maternal conflict through education and counseling on the maternal role, but at the same time nurses should consider relationship of the mother with her husband and also special characteristics of her child.
Child ; Child Rearing ; Child, Preschool ; Counseling ; Education ; Humans ; Marriage ; Mothers* ; Quality of Life ; Spouses ; Child Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To evaluate the factors which contribute to the time of the first stool and the first urine passage. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a chart of 1,221 infants > or = 34 weeks of gestational age admitted to the normal newborn nursery of Il Sin Christian Hospital, Busan, from November 2004 to April 2005. We compared the time to first stool and urine according to maternal factors(maternal age, parity, mode of delivery, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and maternal diabetes) and infant factors (gender, Apgar score, gestational age, type of feeding during first 24 hours, age at the first feeding, number of feeds during the first 12 hours and age at discharge). RESULTS: In total, 95.3 percent of our infants had passed their first stool by 24 hours and 99.8 percent of them had a stool by 36 hours. A total of 95.8 percent of our infants had passed urine by 24 hours of age and 98.3 percent of them by 36 hours. Comparing preterm and term infants, the time to first urine is 6.5+/-5.8 hours and 12.1+/-6.6 hours, respectively(P=0.000). The time to first stool is 20.7+/-13.5 hours and 10.0+/-6.3 hours, respectively(P=0.000) Early-fed infants were significantly earlier in time to first urine(P=0.023) and first stool(P=0.012). There was no statistically significant relationship between the number of feeds in 0-12 hours, mode of delivery, Apgar score, parity, gender, type of feeding, maternal diabetes and the time of the first urine and first stool. CONCLUSION: Gestational age, birth weight and age at first feeding were significantly related to the time of the first urine and first stool passage. When there is delayed passage of the first urine and first stool, we should consider close observation of other associated symptoms and other factors previously mentioned, to avoid extensive evaluation and intervention.
Amniotic Fluid ; Apgar Score ; Birth Weight ; Busan ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Nurseries ; Parity ; Retrospective Studies

Periodic alternating nystagmus(PAN) is a form of spontaneous nystagmus with a specific pattern. It may be of congenital origin in many cases, and may be related to vestibulo-cerebellar system disease. It usually causes not only many ophthalmic problems such as decreased vision but also neurologic symptoms such as ataxic gait. So, ophthalmologist must perform both ophthalmic and neurologic examinations. Nystagmus can be treated with muscle relaxant. We report our experience about 30-year-old woman who complained of involuntary ocular movement and ataxic gait, and were diagnosed as PAN associated with Chiari-1 malformation and syringomyelia through electronystagmography and brain MRF.
Adult ; Brain ; Electronystagmography ; Female ; Gait ; Humans ; Neurologic Examination ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Nystagmus, Pathologic* ; Syringomyelia*

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of methylglyoxal (MG), intermediate metabolite of advanced glycation end products(AGE), on the induction of oxidative stress in human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMC). METHODS: Primarily cultured HTMC were exposed to at concentrations of 0, 30, 100, and 300 micrometer of MG for 18 hours, with or without co-exposure to N-acetyl-cysteine. Cellular survival and apoptosis were assessed by MTT assay and flow cytometry using annexin-PI double staining. Production of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by Griess assay, cytochrome c assay, and dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay, respectively. RESULTS: MG did not affect cellular survival at concentrations under 100 micrometer, but induced apoptosis of HTMC at concentrations over 100 micrometer. MG decreased NO production, accompanied with increased superoxide production. In addition, MG increased ROS, which were abolished by N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS: MG induced oxidative stress by decreasing NO production, accompanied by increasing superoxide and ROS productions in HTMC. AGE could induce trabecular meshwork dysfunction.
Acetylcysteine ; Apoptosis ; Cytochromes c ; Flow Cytometry ; Glycosylation End Products, Advanced ; Humans ; Nitric Oxide ; Oxidative Stress ; Pyruvaldehyde ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Superoxides ; Trabecular Meshwork

No abstract available.
Dinoprostone* ; Membranes* ; Rupture* ; Suppositories*

BACKGROUND: The automated border detection(ABD) echocardiography has the ability of recognizing the endocardial-blood interface, and therefore, on-line estimation of the left ventricular(LV) volume every cardiac cycle. Compared with the off-line conventional 2-dimensional echocardiographic method that requires tracing the endocardial border manually, the ABDd system can be a convenient and objective method in the estimation of the LV volume and the ejection fraction(EF). The purpose of this study is to compare the LV volume and EF between the on-line ABD system and the convertional off-line echocardiographic method. METHODS: In two weeks, 83 adult patients older than 16 years of age were referred to our echocardiographic laboratory. Among these 83 patients, 64 patients who had a normal sinus rhythm were included to our study. Using the Hewlett-Packard SONOS 1500, a 2.5 MHz transducer was placed dat the cardiac apex. Patients with an apical 4 chamber view of the LV in which at least 75% of the endocardium was clearly seen were selected for study. On that view, the ABD system was turned on, and the reansmit power and the time-gain compensation controls were adjusted in order to approximate the automated border to the visually apparent endocardial surface. The LV end-diastolic volume(LVESV) and LV end-systolic volume(LVESV) were calculated by the method of disc. LVEDV, LVESV, and EF were displayed every cardiac cycle. Also the off-line estimation of the LV volume was performed by the method of disc, after manually tracing the endocardial border on the apical 4 chamber view. RESULTS: 44 patients(69%) of 64 patients had > or =75% of the LV endocardium visualized. LVEDV, LVESV, and Ef with the ABD system were highly correlated with those with the off-line, manually traced method(r=0.95, 0.8, respectively), but LVEDV and EF with toe ABD system were significantly less than those with the latter(p<0.01). The limits of agreement between tow methods(off-line, manually traced method-ABD system) were somewhat wide. Those of LVEDV, LVESV and EF were +22~-10ml(mean 6ml), +15~-14ml(mean 0.1ml), and +19~-12%(mean 3.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: LVEDV,LVESV, and EF measurements by the ABD system and the off-line manually traced methods thve a strong correlation, The ABD system should habe clinical applications in setting, in which measurements of LV volume and Ef are important, But, the comparison with a more reliable method is necessary.
Adult ; Compensation and Redress ; Echocardiography* ; Endocardium ; Humans ; Toes ; Transducers