The authors analyzed the disposal of the color-defective person in the enterance examination of 24 colleges of natural science among 31 colleges that replied the questionaire sent by us to 70 Universities and colleges in Korea. The results revealed that there was no standard for permission or limitation of the color-defeetive person.
Humans ; Korea ; Natural Science Disciplines

OBJECTIVE; This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pregnancy on the activities of oxygen hee radical generating and scavenging system in the female rats. MATERIAL & METHOD; Rats weighing 200-220 gm were grouped to non-pregnant, 2nd trimester and 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The experiment was carried out following overnight fasting. Animals were anesthetized by administration of pentothal sodium, and blood was drawn via abdominal aorta. After exsanguination, the liver, kidney, heart, lung, with or without placenta tissues were excised immediately. The excised tissue was frozen in liquid nitrogen rapidly, and stored in liquid nitrogen for analysis. RESULTS; The gain in body weight was higher in pregnant rats than in normal rats. Lipid peroxidation was not significantly different among all groups in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and placenta tissue. Xanthine oxidase activity of the kidney in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy was lower than that of non-pregnant rats. Superoxide dismutase activity of the liver was significantly decreased in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pegnancy compared with that of non-pregnant rats, and that of lung was also decreased than that of non-pregnant rats. Catalase activity of the kidney was decreased in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy compared with that of non-pregnant rats. Glutathione content of the liver was markedly decreased in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy compared with that of non-pregnant rats. CONCLUSION; In conclusion, these results suggest that oxygen free radical will not increase in the liver, kidney, heart, lung, and placenta during normal pregnancy, but in the cases of overproduction of oxygen free radical, the liver, kidney, and lung will have me chance of tissue damage because of decreased activity of some anti-oxidant enzymes and/or decreased amount of anti-oxidant materials.
Animals ; Aorta, Abdominal ; Body Weight ; Catalase ; Exsanguination ; Fasting ; Female ; Glutathione ; Heart ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver ; Lung ; Nitrogen ; Oxygen* ; Placenta ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Sodium ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Thiopental ; Xanthine Oxidase

A 14 years old boy visited our hospital in Oct. 1974 for massive proptosis and visual disturhance of his left eye with rapid onset after blunt trauma. So diagnosed as orbital pseudotumor clinicalIy and treated with high dosage of steroid and antibiotics and the result was excelIent.
Adolescent ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Exophthalmos ; Humans ; Male ; Orbit* ; Orbital Pseudotumor*

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of DPP-4 inhibitors from inception to September 2017. We selected eligible RCTs comparing DPP-4 inhibitors with placebo or other antidiabetic agents and reporting at least one renal outcome. A meta-analysis was conducted to calculate standardized mean differences, weighted mean differences (WMDs), relative risks (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each renal outcome. RESULTS: We included 23 RCTs with 19 publications involving 41,359 patients. Overall changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio were comparable between DPP-4 inhibitors and controls (P=0.150). However, DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with significantly lower risk of incident microalbuminuria (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.98; P=0.022) and macroalbuminuria (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.97; P=0.027), as well as higher rates of regression of albuminuria (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.35; P<0.001) compared with controls. Although DPP-4 inhibitors were associated with small but significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (WMD, −1.11 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI, −1.78 to −0.44; P=0.001), there was no difference in the risk of end-stage renal disease between two groups (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.14; P=0.475). CONCLUSION: DPP-4 inhibitors had beneficial renal effects mainly by reducing the risk of development or progression of albuminuria compared with placebo or other antidiabetic agents.
Albuminuria ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; Kidney Failure, Chronic

Tetanus is a neurologic disorder caused by a tetanospasmin released from Clostridium tetani and usually occurs following a stab wound or dirty abrasion. Tetanus is uncommon in Korea due to the introduction of vaccination programs. Furthermore, tetanus associated with a gangrenous perforation of the small bowel is extremely rare. We report a case of tetanus developed in a patient who was diagnosed with a gangrenous perforation of the small bowel. This is the first reported case in Korea.
Clostridium tetani ; Digestive System Surgical Procedures ; Humans ; Intestinal Perforation ; Korea ; Metalloendopeptidases ; Nervous System Diseases ; Tetanus ; Tetanus Toxin ; Vaccination ; Wounds, Stab

BACKGROUND: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) is known as the primary physiological inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator(t-PA) in the plasma, and is present within the atherosclerotic vessels. Increased plasma levels of PAI-1 are one of the major disturbances of the hemostatic system in patients with diabetes and/or hypertension, and may have multiple interrelations with the important risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis. This study was performed to determine whether altered gene expression of PAI-1 occurs within the arterial wall, and thereby potentially contributing to the increase of cardiovascular risks associated with diabetes and/or hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The aortic vascular smooth muscle cells of the rat were exposed to 22 mM glucose, angiotensin II, and insulin increased PAI-1 mRNA expression with the use of Northern blotting were examined. Also examined were the effects of 22 mM glucose, angiotensin II and insulin on the growth of the rat's aortic smooth muscle cells by using MTT assay. RESULT: Twenty-two mM glucose treatment increased the PAI-1 mRNA expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Aniotensin II treatment synergistically increased the glucose-induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. In contrast, addition of insulin attenuated the increase of 22 mM glucose and angiotensin II induced PAI-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, treatment of 22 mM glucose, angiotensin II and insulin resulted in a significant increase in cell numbers. This study demonstrated that 22 mM glucose and angiotensin II have a synergistic effect in stimulating the PAI-1 mRNA expression and in the cell growth of the rat's aortic smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION: Elevation of glucose and angiotensin II may be important risk factors in impairing fibrinolysis and developing atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.
Angiotensin II* ; Angiotensins* ; Animals ; Atherosclerosis ; Blotting, Northern ; Cell Count ; Fibrinolysis ; Gene Expression ; Glucose* ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Insulin* ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular* ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; Plasma ; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ; Plasminogen Activators* ; Plasminogen* ; Rats* ; Risk Factors ; RNA, Messenger

Background: To compare the renal effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on individual outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from inception to June 2019 to identity eligible randomized controlled trials of DPP-4 inhibitors or SGLT2 inhibitors that reported at least one kidney outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Outcomes of interest were microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, worsening nephropathy, and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). We performed an arm-based network meta-analysis using Bayesian methods and calculated absolute risks and rank probabilities of each treatment for the outcomes. Results: Seventeen studies with 87,263 patients were included. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly lowered the risks of individual kidney outcomes, including microalbuminuria (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.41 to 0.93), macroalbuminuria (OR, 0.48; 95% CrI, 0.24 to 0.72), worsening nephropathy (OR, 0.65; 95% CrI, 0.44 to 0.91), and ESKD (OR, 0.65; 95% CrI, 0.46 to 0.98) as compared with placebo. However, DPP-4 inhibitors did not lower the risks. SGLT2 inhibitors were considerably associated with higher absolute risk reductions in all kidney outcomes than DPP-4 inhibitors, although the benefits were statistically insignificant. The rank probabilities showed that SGLT2 inhibitors were better treatments for lowering the risk of albuminuria and ESKD than placebo or DPP-4 inhibitors. Conclusion SGLT2 inhibitors were superior to DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing the risk of albuminuria and ESKD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: To compare the renal effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on individual outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from inception to June 2019 to identity eligible randomized controlled trials of DPP-4 inhibitors or SGLT2 inhibitors that reported at least one kidney outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes. Outcomes of interest were microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, worsening nephropathy, and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). We performed an arm-based network meta-analysis using Bayesian methods and calculated absolute risks and rank probabilities of each treatment for the outcomes. Results: Seventeen studies with 87,263 patients were included. SGLT2 inhibitors significantly lowered the risks of individual kidney outcomes, including microalbuminuria (odds ratio [OR], 0.64; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.41 to 0.93), macroalbuminuria (OR, 0.48; 95% CrI, 0.24 to 0.72), worsening nephropathy (OR, 0.65; 95% CrI, 0.44 to 0.91), and ESKD (OR, 0.65; 95% CrI, 0.46 to 0.98) as compared with placebo. However, DPP-4 inhibitors did not lower the risks. SGLT2 inhibitors were considerably associated with higher absolute risk reductions in all kidney outcomes than DPP-4 inhibitors, although the benefits were statistically insignificant. The rank probabilities showed that SGLT2 inhibitors were better treatments for lowering the risk of albuminuria and ESKD than placebo or DPP-4 inhibitors. Conclusion SGLT2 inhibitors were superior to DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing the risk of albuminuria and ESKD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary embolism is associated with varying degrees of pulmonary vascular obstruction. This study was undertaken to establish whether the extent of perfusion defect in lung scintigraphy can be predicted from analysis of echocardiographic measurements in patients with pulmonary embolism. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 28 patients who presented with clinical evidence of pulmonary embolism. In order to compare the extent of perfusion defect in lung scintigraphy, we devised a scoring system (echocardiographic severity index, ESI) for various echocardiographic parameters, which include right ventricle size, area, shape, systolic function, and pulmonary artery pressure. [ESI=sum of scores/number of parameters measured]. RESULTS: The mean values (+/-SD) of each parameter were as follow; right ventricular end-diastolic dimension (RVedD), 34.5+/-5.7 mm; LVedD, 40.9+/-5.2 mm; ratio of RVedD to LVedD, 0.87+/-0.2; right ventricular end-diastolic area (RVedA), 24.7+/-9.5 cm2; right ventricular end-systolic area (RVesA), 17.8+/-7.8 cm2; fractional area change, 28.8+/-9.7%; angle between IVS and RV, 96.0+/-14.8degrees; RV hypokinesia, absence or mild in 29%, moderate in 50%, severe in 21%; TR grade, absence or mild in 25%, moderate in 43%, severe in 32%; pulmonary artery systolic pressure, <30 mmHg in 21%, 30 to 50 mmHg in 68%, >50 mmHg 11% of patients. The echocardiographic severity index (ESI) in patients with pulmonary embolism was 0.52+/-0.24, and the perfusion defect score was 0.21+/-0.14. There was a close correlation between the ESI and the extent of perfusion defect (r=0.622, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The echocardiographic severity index may reflect the extent of the perfusion defects in patients with pulmonary embolism, therefore it is potentially applicable in clinical practice for evaluating patients with pulmonary embolism and furthermore in their follow-up over a period of time.
Blood Pressure ; Echocardiography* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Hypokinesia ; Lung ; Perfusion ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Embolism* ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Retrospective Studies