This paper describes to design and to examine the mechanical characteristics of high frequency jet ventilator. The device consists of Phase lock loop (PLL) system, solenoid valve driving control part and Air regulating system. This study is carried out by changing several factors such as endotracheal tube (E.T. tube) diameter, injector cannula diameter, 1%, and frequency (breaths/min.) having direct effects on the gas exchange as well as parameters of the entrained gas by venturi effect, so as to measure the tidal volume and minute volume. This system characteristics were as follows: 1) Frequency: 6-594 bpm 2) Inspiration time: 1-99% 3) Variance of input air pressure: 1-30 PSI
Air Pressure ; Catheters ; Tidal Volume ; Ventilators, Mechanical*

PURPOSE: The loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors appeats to be associated with a progression to less differentiated and hormone-independent tumors. The gain of hormone independency over time even in estrogen receptor-positive tumors has become another obstacle to endocrine therapy for breast cancer. We tried to regain the hormone dependency in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells by lipofecting estmgen receptor cDNA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mutant human estrogen receptor cDNA (pSGS-HEO) was lipofected into estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, in an attempt to restore their sensitivity to antiestrogen. Then the effects of 17p-estradiol and tamoxifen were studied by counting viable cell numbers after treating the lipofected cell line with either one or together. RESULTS: Culture medium cantaining phenol red, a weak estrogen, has growth advantages compared with culture medium without it. In both culture conditions, cell growth was most profoundly inhibited in 4 days after lipofection with mutant human estrogen receptor cDNA, which was overcome after that day. Tamoxifen, as an antiestrogen, showed a growth inhibitory effect slightly stronger tban combined conditions of tamoxifen and 17- estradiol compared to estrogen-treated group and to control, and the inhibitory effect was lasted 4 days. CONCLUSION: The temporary induction of estrogen receptor by lipofection with pSGS-HEO on estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 showed negative growth control on these cells by tamoxifen, indicating that liposome-mediated estrogen receptor transfection may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for hormane independent human breast cancers in the near future.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cell Count ; Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary ; Estradiol ; Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; Estrogens* ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans* ; Phenolsulfonphthalein ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Tamoxifen ; Transfection

PURPOSE: To obtain basic anatomical data of proximal humerus of Korean adult skeleton. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two dry humeri of Korean adults were measured with a caliper and goniometer. Measured parameters were retroversion, angle of the bicipital groove, bicipital groove-shaft angle, neck-shaft angle, diameters of the humeral head, dimension of the greater tuberosity, distance between humeral head and greater tuberosity, and length of the humerus. All of the eight parameters were measured twice. The correlations between retroversion and diameters of the humeral head, retroversion and length of the humerus, retroversion and angle of the bicipital groove, diameters of the humeral head and length of the humerus were analyzed by student t-test using SAS system. RESULTS: Retroversion was 34.2 degree with high individual variation, ranging from 17.0 degree to 50.0 degree. The angle of the bicipital groove was 36.2 (22.0-54.0) degree. The bicipital groove-shaft angle was 7.4 (1.0- 16.0) degree. The neck-shaft angle was 136.3 (120.0-150.0) degree. The superior-inferior diameter of the humeral head was 43.3 (35.5-52.0) mm, and anterior-posterior diameter was 39.9 (33.5-46.0) mm. The dimension of the greater tuberosity was 29.8 (19.0-46.0) mm, and the distance between humeral head and greater tuberosity was 7.9 (4.5-12.0) mm. The length of the humerus was 303.7 (265.0-388.0) mm. There was significant correlation between the head diameters, the retroversion, and the length, but no correlation between the retroversion and the angle of the bicipital groove. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that high individual variation of retroversion should be considered in case of arthroplasty. The humeral head was elliptical in shape. The mean narrow diameter of the humeral head was about 40 mm. The greater tuberosity was about 30 mm in dimension, and located 8 mm inferior to the humeral head. The bicipital groove was not a reliable reference in determining retroversion.
Adult* ; Arthroplasty ; Head ; Humans ; Humeral Head ; Humerus* ; Skeleton*

Ipratropium bromide (IP) is a new anticholinergic bronchodilator. To evaluate its effect on bronchial asthma which is still unknown in Korea, a double blind and randomized study was done on all patients of bronchial asthma who visit out-patients clinic of out department from June to September 197 and showed 75 to 100% of FEV1/FVC ratio on prebronchodilator spirometry (pre BD). The selected patients were given 2 puffs of Fenoterol (FE) or Ipratropium inhalator blindly and Spirometry. The repeated results are: 1. In both FE and IP groups, there was a significant bronchodilatory effect on 5 and 60 minutes after administration. 2. One 5 minutes, effect of FE was significantly greater than IP (FVC p<0.05, FEV1 p<0.01). 3. One 60 minutes, effect of IP was slightly less than FE but statistically non-significant. On the basis of above results, we concluded that onset of effect of IP is slower than FE, but its effect is significant and nearly comparable to FE.
Asthma* ; Fenoterol ; Humans ; Ipratropium* ; Korea ; Nebulizers and Vaporizers ; Outpatients ; Spirometry

No abstract available.
Amputation* ; Replantation*

No abstract available.
Myocutaneous Flap* ; Pressure Ulcer*

BACKGROUND: Cerebral cortical dysplasia (CD) is one of the important causes of intractable epilepsies and characterized histologically by disorganized cortical lamination and cytomegalic dysplastic neurons. Although various cytoskeletal abnormalities have been found in dysplastic neurons of CD, the pathogenetic role of dysplastic neurons has rarely been investigated. METHODS: In this study, immunohistochemical analysis was performed using antibodies against non-phosphorylated high- or medium-molecular weight neurofilament protein and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in surgical specimens of CD. In order to know the possible relationship of dysplastic neurons with cytoskeletal abnormalities and various neurotrophin receptors, NGFR p75, trkA, trkB, and trkC immunoreactivities were also analyzed. RESULTS: Dysplastic neurons showed strong immunoreactivities for non-phosphorylated high- or medium-molecular weight neurofilament protein and MAP-2, which might reflect abnormal outgrowth and altered plasticity of the dysplastic neurons. TrkB and trkC were strongly expressed in dysplastic neurons and NGFR p75 was also strongly expressed in some dysplastic neurons. CONCLUSIONS: Since it has been known that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) have effects on the differentiation of neuronal precursor cells from the cortex and on dendritic and axonal arborization, increased expression of trkB and trkC may play a role in cytoskeletal abnormalities and altered synaptic transmission in dysplastic neurons.
Antibodies ; Axons ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Epilepsy ; Malformations of Cortical Development* ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; Neurons* ; Plastics ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor ; Synaptic Transmission

The solid and hematologic cancer are occasionally accompanied by peripheral blood eosinophilia and suggest tumor necrosis or wide dissemination, but the mechanisms underlying this curious relationship remain obscure. The association of this eosinophilic leukemoid reaction with carcinoma seems to occur must frequently with bronchogenic carcinoma. Several mechanisms for this association were considered: eosinophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil mediated by T-lymphocyte, and eosinopoietic hormone. We are here reporting a case of bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma of lung associated with peripheral eosinophilia in a 60-year-old male patient.
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic ; Eosinophilia* ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Leukemoid Reaction ; Lung* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Necrosis ; T-Lymphocytes

No abstract available.
Cleft Lip*

No abstract available.