In almost all countries, older adults present higher suicide rates than young people and generally, lifetime suicide risk and the wish to die are positively correlated with increase in age. In Korea, the number of the population in the elderly has been increased more rapidly than other age groups. Through analyzing the officially reported suicidal statistics, we found that the rates and number of elderly suicide in Korea have been increased since 1985, and suicide was most prevalent among 'old and old' and tended to be more prevalent among men, like western world. Some studies about the elderly suicide were reviewed. A community survey reported that 14.6% of the elderly aged 65 years and over in rural area had repeated feelings that they wanted to die during the pervious 2 weeks, and the significant associated factors with the wish to die were depressive disorder, age 85 and over, and poor economical status. But there have been a few studies about the elderly suicide, suicide attempt and death thought in Korea. The needs to understand suicide among the elderly is becoming more urgent and should generate more research. Knowledge of the conditions leading to suicide will aid clinicians and public policy makers by facilitating the effective development of intervention and prevention programs.
Adult ; Aged* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depressive Disorder ; Humans ; Korea* ; Male ; Public Policy ; Suicide* ; Western World

After portal vein occlusion, portal to portal collaterals (hepatopetal) develop from preexisting periportal vessels or recanalization of the thrombosed portal vein, undergo compensatory enlargement, bypass the obstructed extrahepatic occlusion and reconstitute the intrahepatic portal branches. Angiographically, collateral veins are seen as multiple tortous winding veins in the porta hepatis and are described as a cavemous transformation of the portal vein. When the common bile duct or gall bladder is compressed by collateral veins, a cholangiogram demonstrates multiple smooth intramural defects and jaundice can develop due to the partial obstruction of the bile duct. Demonstration of the cavernous transformation of the portal vein can be done by ultrasonography, abdominal computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance, but Doppler ultrasonography and direct or indirect portography are needed to evaluate its hemodynamic change. We present a 35-year-old female patient complaining repeated jaundice, in whom common bile duct and gall bladder varices accompanied by cavernous transformation of the portal vein and intrahepatic stones were diagnosed by ultrasonography, abdominal computed tomography, ERCP, and Doppler ultrasonograpy and confirmed by surgery. ERCP demonstrated the irregular contour of the common bile duct and gall bladder due to multiple smooth intramural defects. Doppler utrasongraphy revealed the unique flow signal of portal vasculature from the tortous vessls in the porta hepatis and from the vascular structures on the wall of the gall bladder.
Adult ; Bile Ducts ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde* ; Common Bile Duct* ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Portal Vein ; Portography ; Ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Doppler* ; Urinary Bladder* ; Varicose Veins* ; Veins ; Wind

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate sinus tachycardia(IST) manifests chronic nonparoxysmal sinus tachycardia in healthy individuals and is characterized by consistently elevated heart rate and exaggerated responses to minimal physical activity. Heart rate variability(HRV) using 24-hour Holter monitoring represents one of the methods of evaluating the harmony of autonomic nervous system activity. So, authors investigate the autonomic nervous system activity by the HRV in patients with IST. METHODS: We compared the pattern of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic activity through the time domain analysis of heart rate variability with 24-hour Holter monitoring between 23 patients with IST and 23 healthy control subjects. None of the patients had organic heart disease as determined by routine laboratory examination and echocardiography. And then, time domain measures(mean NN, SDNN, SDANN, SD, rMSSD, pNN50) were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of patients and control were 38+/-10 and 37 9 years, respectively(p=S). The mean clinical heart rate of patients and control was 104 5/min and 72+/-5/min, respectively(p<0.05). Among the time domain indices, mean of all normal RR intervals(mean NN), standard deviation of all normal RR intervals(SDNN), standard deviation of mean RR interval(SDANN), mean of standard deviations of all normal RR intervals(SD), root mean square successive differences between adjacent normal RR intervals(rMSSD), and percent of difference between adjacent normal RR intervals(pNN50) in the patient group were significantly shorter compared to control group(p<0.01). CONCLUSION: In IST, cardiac vagal influence on the heart rate is blunted.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Motor Activity ; Tachycardia, Sinus

OBJECTIVE: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), known as a useful diagnostic marker in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), are specific for granule proteins of granulocytes and monocytes and induce distinct fluorescence patterns. To evaluate the significance of ANCA in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IHD), the presence of ANCA in chronic IBD was studied using indirect immunofluorescent test (IIF), METHODS: Between March, 1994 and September 1995, 51 patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease were subjected in this study. We had analysed the correlation between duration, disease activity, location by colonoscopy and radiologic examinations, steroid treatment. RESULTS: 1) Among 34 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), ANCA was demonstrated in 23 patients (67.6%). Among 19 patients with other chronic IBD (4 Crohn's disease, 6 Behcet's colitis, 7 intestinal tuberculosis and 2 radiation colitis) 2 patients (10.5%) had ANCA. The positivity of ANCA in patients with UC was significantly higher than in patients with other chronic IBD. 2) In patients with UC, c-ANCA was positive in 2 (5.9%) patients and p-ANCA was positive in 21 (61.8%) patients. In patients with other chronic IBD, ANCA was positive in one patient with Behcet's colitis or one patient with intestinal tuberculosis but negative in all patients with Crohn's disease or radiation colitis. 3) The mean duration of disease in ANCA positive patients was 42.4 +/- 39.4 months and the mean duration of disease in ANCA negative patients was 44.9 +/- 36.8 months, but there was no significant difference. 4) The number of patients in clinically mild, moderate and severe group were 23 (37.6%), 6 (83.2%) and 5 (14.7%) respectively. Among these groups the number of ANCA positive patients were 15 (65.2%), 5 (83.2%) and 3 (60%) respectively, but there was no significant difference. 5) The number of patients with proctitis, left side colitis and pancolitis were 9 (26.5%), 14 (41.2%) and 11 (32.4%) respectively, Among these groups the number of ANCA positive patients were 4 (44.4%), 10 (71.4%) and 9 (81.8%) respectively, but there was no significant difference. 6) Among 13 patients with steroid treatment 9 patients (69.2%) were ANCA positive. Among 21 patients without steroid treatment 16 patients (76.2%) were ANCA positive, but there was no significant difference. CONCLUSION: Although there was no correlation between ANCA and duration, disease activity, location or steroid treatment in UC patients, ANCA could be a diagnostic marker of UC in chronic IBD patients.
Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic* ; Colitis ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Colonoscopy ; Crohn Disease ; Fluorescence ; Granulocytes ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases* ; Monocytes ; Proctitis ; Tuberculosis

BACKGROUND: Increasing incidences of epilepsy in the elderly are well-known. However, the causes of newly onset seizures in the elderly have rarely been described in Korea. METHODS: We selected 160 cases of individuals who had their first seizure at over the age of 60 (male : female = 1.5 : 1 ; mean age : 69.1 years), who were admitted to Hallym University Hospital from July 1, 1994 to June 31, 1998. We analyzed the etiology, type of seizures, EEG, neuro-imag-ing, morbidity and mortality of the patients. RESULTS: The etiologies of seizures were remote symptomatic in 87 (54.3%), acute symptomatic in 38 (23.8%), progressive encephalopathy in 21 (13.1%), and idiopathic in 14 (8.8%). Status epilepticus occurred in 34 cases, including 8 cases of multifocal myoclonic status after hypoxic brain damage. The most common single cause of seizure was old stroke (35%, infarction in 41 and hemorrhage in 15 cases). Partial seizure was more common in patients with remote symptomatic than with other causes. Newly developed neurological deficits were present in 30 of the 151 who survived, including 15 acute symptomatic, 9 remote symptomatic, and 6 pro-gressive encephalopathy cases. Morbidity and mortality were highest in the acute symptomatic group (P<0.05) and tend to be low in the idiopathic group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that newly onset seizures in the elderly requiring hospitalization occur mainly with acute and remote symptomatic neurological insults. Acute symptomatic neurological insults are associated with a significant morbidity and mortality, while the morbidity is low in the absence of any asso-ciated neurological insults.
Aged* ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hypoxia, Brain ; Incidence ; Infarction ; Korea ; Mortality ; Seizures* ; Status Epilepticus ; Stroke

PURPOSE: The retrospective study was performed to assess the efficacy and toxicity profiles of sunitinib in Korean patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2005 and December 2008, 76 Korean patients with recurrent/metastatic RCC who received sunitinib were retrospectively reviewed. The primary end point was progression-free survival and the secondary end points were overall survival and response rate. We also assessed the toxicities associated with sunitinib treatment. RESULTS: Of the 76 patients, 69 (90.1%) were diagnosed with clear cell RCC. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 7.2 and 22.8 months, respectively in overall patients. Sixty-two patients (81.6%) received 50 mg 4 week and 2 week off schedule, and 14 patients (18.4%) received 37.5 mg daily on a daily continuous schedule. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 27.6% and 84.2%, respectively. A dose reduction or reduction in dose due to adverse events occurred in 76% of the patients, whereas 11% of the patients had discontinued treatment. Other common laboratory abnormalities were increased serum creatinine (75.6%), elevated alanine aminotransferase (71.0%), neutropenia (61.8%), anemia (69.7%), and increased aspartate aminotrasferase (53.3%). Grade 3/4 toxicities occurred as follows: thrombocytopenia (38.2%), fatigue (10.5%), stomatitis (10.5%), and hand-foot syndrome (9.2%). CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that sunitinib treatment is effective and tolerable for ecurrent/metastatic RCC patients in Korea. Further studies with prognostic or biochemical factors are needed to clarify the different toxicity profiles of this study.
Alanine Transaminase ; Anemia ; Appointments and Schedules ; Aspartic Acid ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; Creatinine ; Disease-Free Survival ; Fatigue ; Hand-Foot Syndrome ; Humans ; Indoles ; Korea ; Neutropenia ; Pyrroles ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomatitis ; Thrombocytopenia

In this study, we aimed to determine the antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effect of Bang-Poong (BP, Radix Ledebouriellae) on Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Traditionally, BP has been used to treat several inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. Whole BP is extracted into two fractions that were ethylacetate and hexane-soluble fractions. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30, 130-150 g) were subcutaneously administered by the Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) into the plantar surface of right hindpaw. Twelve days after the injection of FCA, the rats initially showed typical inflammatory edema and arthritis-related symptoms on the contralateral side (i.e. left hindpaw). Both antinociceptive (evaluation of mechanical, thermal pain threshold and analysis of spinal Fos expression) and anti- inflammatory (evaluation of paw edema, serum interleukin-6 level and x-ray analysis) effect of BP extracts were examined. The ethylacetate fraction of BP (BPE) significantly suppressed the FCA-induced paw edema as well as the serum level of interleukin-6 and it alleviated the radiological changes. Moreover, both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were attenuated by the treatment of BPE. In addition, spinal Fos expression that was increased by FCA- injection was suppressed in BPE group. Therefore, this study showed that BPE produced significant both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects on FCA- induced arthritis in rats, while hexane fraction of BP did not show these effects. In conclusion, it is suggested that the ethylacetate fraction of BP is recommended to alleviate the arthritis-related symptoms in human according to the results of this study.
Analgesics/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology ; Arthritis, Experimental/*drug therapy/radiography ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*pharmacology ; Edema/veterinary ; Hindlimb/radiography ; Hyperalgesia/veterinary ; Interleukin-6/blood ; Male ; Pain Measurement/veterinary ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Cord/metabolism

PURPOSE: The severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population compared with that in normal glucose tolerance (NGT) individuals has not yet been quantitatively assessed. We investigated the prevalence and the severity of NAFLD in a T2DM population using controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects who underwent testing for biomarkers related to T2DM and CAP using Fibroscan® during a regular health check-up were enrolled. CAP values of 250 dB/m and 300 dB/m were selected as the cutoffs for the presence of NAFLD and for moderate to severe NAFLD, respectively. Biomarkers related to T2DM included fasting glucose/insulin, fasting C-peptide, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), glycoalbumin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS: Among 340 study participants (T2DM, n=66; pre-diabetes, n=202; NGT, n=72), the proportion of subjects with NAFLD increased according to the glucose tolerance status (31.9% in NGT; 47.0% in pre-diabetes; 57.6% in T2DM). The median CAP value was significantly higher in subjects with T2DM (265 dB/m) than in those with pre-diabetes (245 dB/m) or NGT (231 dB/m) (all p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that subjects with moderate to severe NAFLD had a 2.8-fold (odds ratio) higher risk of having T2DM than those without NAFLD (p=0.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.21-6.64), and positive correlations between the CAP value and HOMA-IR (ρ=0.407) or fasting C-peptide (ρ=0.402) were demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Subjects with T2DM had a higher prevalence of severe NAFLD than those with NGT. Increased hepatic steatosis was significantly associated with the presence of T2DM, and insulin resistance induced by hepatic fat may be an important mechanistic connection.
Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; C-Peptide/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications/metabolism ; Female ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*epidemiology/metabolism/pathology ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence

The objective of study was to compare biomechanical parameters between normal and arch building gait in healthy subjects. A total of 40 feet from 20 healthy adults were evaluated in this study. The participants were asked to walk on a treadmill comfortably at 2 km/hr for 30 seconds. Then, they were asked to walk after making arch building through raising arches with their feet by pulling the big toe toward the heel. Gait parameters such as geometry, center of pressure, maximum force, and maximum pressure were measured in normal and the arch building gait using a gait analysis system equipped with pressure sensor. Arch building gait demonstrated significantly (p<0.01) decreased forefoot maximum force but significantly (p=0.024) increased heel maximum force compared to normal gait. Maximum pressures of the midfoot and heel were also significantly (both p<0.01) increased. However, the maximum pressures of the forefoot were not significantly (p>0.05) different between the two conditions. Geometry, phase, and time parameters were not significantly (p>0.05) different between the two conditions, either. Although forefoot and midfoot maximum force were significantly decreased in arch building gait compared to those in normal gait, the maximum pressure of forefoot was not significantly changed, indicating decreased area of forefoot contact during arch building gait. The arch building gait moves the center of presser to the hind foot and redistributes the contact area, thus changing the distribution of maximum pressure.
Adult ; Foot ; Gait* ; Hallux ; Healthy Volunteers ; Heel ; Humans

The funding acknowledgment in this article was omitted as published.