BACKGROUND: Coronary perfusion pressure(CPP) is the most important factor for the success of cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR). Therefore, CPP must be optimized during the resuscitation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of isosorbide dinitrate(Isoket(R)) on CPP during CPR. METHODS: 10 Korean dogs were divided into two groups: Group I(N=5) was resuscitated with infusion of isosorbide dinitrate(1 microgram /kg/min) and Group II(N=5) was resuscitated without using isosorbide dinitrate. Following CPR, the heart rate(HR), blood pressure(BP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac output(CO), CPP and endocardial viability ratio(EVR) were measured repeatedly. RESULTS: The changes in HR were not significantly different between the two groups but systolic and diastolic BP, CO, CPP and EVR were well maintained in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the usual dosage of isosorbide dinitrate is effective in improving CPP and EVR on CPR after impending cardiac arrest.
Animals ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Dogs ; Heart ; Heart Arrest ; Isosorbide Dinitrate ; Isosorbide* ; Perfusion* ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure ; Resuscitation

Caudal anesthesia appears to be a safe and reliable techniuqe for surgical anesthesia as well as an alternative to narcotics for postoperative analgesia for procedures below the umbilicus. The caudal anesthesia might be particularly helpful in infants and children to avoid repetitive injections of narcotics to control postoperative pain. Advantages of caudal anesthesia for pediatric surgery i.e. clearly defined anatomic landmarks, a simplicity of the technique and high success rate have been reported. However, it has not been popular in clinical practice due to several reasons. First of all, small children do not cooperate with technical procedures. Therfore, an additional measure to provide a cooperative state is needed, such as pentothal or ketamine injection, or general anesthesia induced beforehand. Secondly, there is no clear determination or unanimity in anesthetic dosage according to the patient's age or body weight. Lastly, clinical experience and reports have not been enough for clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether commonly accepted dosages used in infants produce blood levels within a safe range. This study was undertaken to measure changes of plasma concentration of lidocaine in patients with pediatric caudal anesthesia, and to check pain and motor scores and analgesic level at the recovery room. The time courses of the plasma concentration were observed in 29 healthty children(0.5-13 yr) to whom were caudally injected with 1% lidocaine mixed 1: 200,000 epinephrine(10 mg/kg). The plasma concentrations were measured by immunofluoresence assay at the intervals of l5, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The values of plasma concnetration were 1.67+/-0.41, 1.85+/-0.61, 1.73+/-0.46, 1.75+/-0.29mcg/ml(MEAN+/-SD). The peak plasma concentration was 1.85+/-0.61mcg/ml at 30 minutes. However, there no significant differences during the first hour. No data exceeded 5 mcg/ml which is plasma toxic level of lidocaine, nor children had an experience of toxic complications. When the pain and motor scores were checked in the recovery room, most children had no pain and were not ahle to stand but movalble. Sensory levels were checked up to T9 which were suitable for lower abdominal and perineal surgery. These results indicate that the injection of l% lidocaine 10 mg/kg with epinephrine in children is considered to be safe because plasma concentration dose not exceed the toxic levels.
Analgesia ; Anatomic Landmarks ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Caudal* ; Anesthesia, General ; Body Weight ; Child ; Epinephrine ; Humans ; Infant ; Ketamine ; Lidocaine* ; Narcotics ; Pain, Postoperative ; Plasma* ; Recovery Room ; Thiopental ; Umbilicus

BACKGROUND: Tuffier's line, which connect the two iliac crests, is the often used landmark in determining the level for the needle insertion into lumbar intervertebral space for the spinal and/or epidural blocks. However, the level of Tuffier's line varies depending on the observer. METHODS: Two methods were used to measure the level of Tuffier's line was measured on a simple abdominal X-ray taken in the supine position (study 1). Second, the level of Tuffier's line was also measured on fluroscopy of students in the sitting position (study 2). RESULTS: Overall, the level of Tuffier's line was most frequently observed along the L4-5 intervertebral space and second most frequently observed along the lower one-third of L4. In study 1 using abdominal X-ray, the level of Tuffiers line was most frequently observed along the L4-5 intervertebral space, however, the second most frequently observed level varied depending on the ages of the volunteers. In study 2 using fluoroscopy, the level of Tuffier's line was most frequently observed along the L4-5 intervertebral space and second most frequently observed along the upper one-third of L5. CONCLUSIONS: The level of Tuffier's line was most frequently observed along the L4-5 intervertebral space both in the supine and sitting positions. Further, the level of Tuffier's line went higher with age for women but stayed constant independent of age for men in the supine position.
Adult* ; Female ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Male ; Needles ; Supine Position ; Volunteers

Background: Cardiac tamponade results in a hemodynamic disorder associated with decreased cardiac output and blood pressure. To improve cardiac output in a subject with cardiac tamponade, cardiotonic drugs and vasodilators with blood volume expander can be used. The purpose of this study was to observe the hemodynamic effects of cardiotonic drugs and vasodilators following administration of plasma expander in the dogs with cardiac tamponade. Method: Three groups of dogs were studied during the induced cardiac tamponade. Following infusion of pentastarch, group I received dobutamine by dripping of 10 microg/kg/min, followed by injection of 20 microg/kg/min, group II received hydralazine (20 mg, 40 mg) and group III received sodium nitroprusside (5 microg/kg/min, 10 microg/kg/min). The heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output and pulmonary arterial occluded pressure were measured. The atrial transmural pressure was calculated by subtracting intrapericardial pressure from mean atrial pressure. Results: Cardiac output was increased in the groups I and II, but mean arterial pressure was increased in only the group I. Atrial transmural pressure was not changed in all three groups. Conclusion: The most pronounced hemodynamic improvements during the cardiac tamponade is observed in group I with pentastarch-dobutamine combination.
Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Atrial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Volume ; Cardiac Output ; Cardiac Tamponade* ; Cardiotonic Agents ; Dobutamine* ; Dogs* ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Hydralazine* ; Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives* ; Nitroprusside* ; Plasma ; Vasodilator Agents

Surgery represents a noxious stimulus to the body, which responds to the injury in the form of an endocrine metabolic reaction. This stress responsehas usually been considered to be a homeostatic defence mechanism by which the body protects itself against injury. This study was primarily undertaken to observe the modulation of stress response to the surgical stimuli under the effects of general and spinal anesthesia by measuring endogenous catecholamines. Fifteen pateints scheuled for elective surgical procedures on the lower half of the body were divided into two group: general and spinal anesthesia groups. No premedication was given to any patient. After the patient was laid down the surgical table, intravenous line was placed and secured in an antecuhital vein for maintenance of fluid and obtaining blood samples. After the intravenous cathether was inserted and a 10-minute rest period was allowed for reassurance, the first baseline sample was obtained for measurement of catecholamines and then anesthesia was induced. .General anesthesia group: Anesthesia in five patients was induced with sodium thiopental (5 mg/ kg), succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) followed by endotracheal intubation and was maintained with halothane, N2O and muscle relaxation using pancuronium. Spinal anesthesia group: Spinal anesthesia in ten patients was performed in a sitting position at L3-L4 intervertebral space using lidocaine 50-150 mg. The anesthesia level was determined by a pinprick test. Subsequent samples were obtained at 30 minutes after the surgical incision and in the recovery room at least 60 minutes after the discontiuation of inhalational anesthesia or after recovery of senastion and motor function of the lower extremites. Mean arterial pressure was measurd by a noninvasive automatic blood pressure monitor. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured by Peuler and Johnson radioenzymatic method. The results are summerized as follows: Inhalation anesthesia group: Plasma norepinephrine was increased during surgery and epinephrine was increased during the postoperative recovery period. Spinal anesthesia group: Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine were not increased during the intra and postoperative periods. High spinal anesthesia resulted in a suppression of both plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine with a fall of mean arterial pressure but no changes of norepinephrine, epinephrine, or mean arterial pressure were observed in the patients receiving low spinal anesthesia. There was a relationship between the sensory dermatome anesthesia level and changes of both plasma norepinephrine (r=0.748, P<0.01)and epinephrine (r=0.667, P<0.05). There is a relationship between changes of blood pressure and plasma norepinephrine levels during spinal anesthesia and inhalational anesthesia (r=0.827, p<0.01). The effect of spinal anesthesia on adrenergic tone depends on the level of anesthesia. The catecholamine responses to surgical stress were prevented by low spinal anesthesia which had no supression of efferent adrenergic tone. Therefore, low spinal anesthesia maybe useful to prevent adrenergic responses to surgical stress in high-risk patients scheduled for surgery on the lower half of the body.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Arterial Pressure ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Monitors ; Catecholamines ; Epinephrine ; Halothane ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Lidocaine ; Muscle Relaxation ; Norepinephrine ; Pancuronium ; Plasma* ; Postoperative Period ; Premedication ; Recovery Room ; Sodium ; Succinylcholine ; Surgical Procedures, Elective ; Thiopental ; Veins

Dural puncture in a well recognised complications of lumbar epidural anesthesia, as is extensive block after extradural injection of local anesthetic solutions in patients in whom the dura has been punctured. A healthy 43-year-old woman entered for trans-abdominal hysterectomy under lumbar epidural anesthesia. After an accidental dural puncture was noticed then the epidural puncture was reattempted at the same site and a catheter was inserted succesfully. An extensive segmental anesthesia along with hypotension and pupil dilatation developed about 45 minutes after the first injection of lidocain. Such extensive segmental anesthesia may be the result of injection into the subdural space. However, it was not confirmed in this case radiologically.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Catheters ; Dilatation ; Female ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Hysterectomy ; Injections, Epidural ; Punctures ; Pupil ; Subdural Space

Arytenoid cartilage dislocation is a very rare complication of endotracheal intubation. This change can occur as a result of compressing the cryco-arytenoid joint by inflated cuff of endotracheal tube. A 21-year old male, ASA physical status I with chronic otitis media underwent tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental-succynylcholine and was maintained with nitrous oxide-oxygen-enflurane. On the first postoperative day, the patient complained of hoarseness, and on the second postoperative day, the right arytenoid was found dislocated under indirect laryngoscopy. Five days postoperatively, endoscopic reduction was performed under direct laryngoscopy, thereafter his symptom gradually disappeared.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Arytenoid Cartilage ; Dislocations ; Hoarseness ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Joints ; Laryngoscopy ; Male ; Otitis Media ; Tympanoplasty ; Young Adult

This investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of nonrebreathing oxygen mask on arterial blood gas tension during epidural anesthesia. 35 patients who were undergone total hystrectomies were studied. After the induction of epidural anesthesia, thiopental 200 mg and Entobar 25 mg were intravenouly injected. 35 patients were divided into four groups i. e:group 1(n=9) with no oxygen mask (contol), group 2(n=12) with oxygen of 3L/min, group 3(n=8) with 4L/min, and group 4(n=6) with 5L/min through the non-rebreathing oxygen mask. Arterial blood samples were taken one hour after the start of surgery for the measurement of PaO2, PaCO2 and O2 sat. The results were as follows: 1) In control group, the mean value of PaO2, was 86.6(13.4) torr but two patients showed less than 70 torr. 2) In group 2, 3, 4, PaO2, and 02, sat increased significantly compared with the control group (P< 0.05). 3) PaO2, and 02, sat were not significantly different in connection with oxygen flow rates between group 2, 3, 4. 4) The changes of PaCO2, were not significant in comparison with the control group between group 2, 3, 4 but PaCO2, was above 45 torr in eleven patients due to respiratory depression. Non-rebreathing oxygen mask increased PaO2, significantly at the oxygen flow rates of 3-5 L/min. However, PaCO2 did not seem to be influenced by the oxygen flow rates but the minute ventilation. Therefore, we concluded that the most important thing we should do for CO2 accumulation is careful observation to the patients for respiratory depression and obstruction.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Humans ; Masks* ; Oxygen* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Thiopental ; Ventilation

This investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of nonrebreathing oxygen mask on arterial blood gas tension during epidural anesthesia. 35 patients who were undergone total hystrectomies were studied. After the induction of epidural anesthesia, thiopental 200 mg and Entobar 25 mg were intravenouly injected. 35 patients were divided into four groups i. e:group 1(n=9) with no oxygen mask (contol), group 2(n=12) with oxygen of 3L/min, group 3(n=8) with 4L/min, and group 4(n=6) with 5L/min through the non-rebreathing oxygen mask. Arterial blood samples were taken one hour after the start of surgery for the measurement of PaO2, PaCO2 and O2 sat. The results were as follows: 1) In control group, the mean value of PaO2, was 86.6(13.4) torr but two patients showed less than 70 torr. 2) In group 2, 3, 4, PaO2, and 02, sat increased significantly compared with the control group (P< 0.05). 3) PaO2, and 02, sat were not significantly different in connection with oxygen flow rates between group 2, 3, 4. 4) The changes of PaCO2, were not significant in comparison with the control group between group 2, 3, 4 but PaCO2, was above 45 torr in eleven patients due to respiratory depression. Non-rebreathing oxygen mask increased PaO2, significantly at the oxygen flow rates of 3-5 L/min. However, PaCO2 did not seem to be influenced by the oxygen flow rates but the minute ventilation. Therefore, we concluded that the most important thing we should do for CO2 accumulation is careful observation to the patients for respiratory depression and obstruction.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Humans ; Masks* ; Oxygen* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Thiopental ; Ventilation

Epidural anesthesia has been greatly substitued for spinal anetshesia because epidural aneshtesia can eliminate the most common and agonizing problems of headache and other neurologic sequelae resulting from spinal anesthesia. Many anesthetists are reluctant to give spinal anetshesia to the patients for gynecologic surgery because of the high incidence of postspinal headache in the middle age group of women. On the contrary, epidural anesthesia provides several advantages compared to spinal anetshesia such as eliminating complications of dural puncture and easy management of postoperative pain control. This investigation was primarily undertaken to observe the effectiveness of epidural anesthesia as well as postoperative pain controllability in gynecologic surgery. Out of total 526 cases who had gynecologic surgery, We had 275 cases (53%) who received epidural anesthesia during the last year. 2% lidocaine 400-500 mg, with 4 mg of morphine were used epidurally for total abdominal hysterectomies, ovarian cystectomies, and some cases of tuboplasty, and 2% lidocaine 300-400 mg, with 3 mg of morphine was used for vaginal hysterectomies. Continuous epidural anesthesia in association with general anesthesia was used for tubal anastomosis and radical hysterectomy, and 4 mg morphine was given through the catheter at the end of surgery. The results are as follows: 1) The duration of postoperative analgesic effect was 21.1+/-5.5 hours. 2) The adverse effects from epidural morphine administration showed 42 (15%) patients had nausea and/or vomiting and 58 (21%) patients had itching. 3) Complications of epidural anesthesia were dural puncture-4 cases (1.4%), convulsion-1 case (0.3%), backache-48 cases (17%), and hypotension-44 cases (16%). The results of this study suggest that epidural anesthesia with 3-4 mg of epidural morphine can be satisfactory for gynecologic surgery and postoperative pain control.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Catheters ; Cystectomy ; Felodipine ; Female ; Gynecologic Surgical Procedures* ; Headache ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Hysterectomy, Vaginal ; Incidence ; Lidocaine ; Middle Aged ; Morphine ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Pruritus ; Punctures ; Vomiting