Objectives: This study aimed to assess the status of the Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JKACAP) and propose measures for its growth and development. Methods: The study was conducted using a questionnaire survey targeting members of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. The six key elements analyzed were Access to the journal, Convenience following conversion to English, Recognition as an international journal and institutional achievements, Author perspectives on manuscript submission,Transition to an online-only journal, and Content and identity of the journal. Results: The survey revealed that email notification was highly effective for Journal Accessibility, with the website and search engines also frequently being used by members. Conversion to English in 2018 initially impacted readability and submission rates, but these concerns have decreased over time. However, the Recognition of JKACAP as an international academic journal was still not on par with SCIE journals, highlighting the need for further efforts towards SCIE inclusion. Despite these challenges and limited research opportunities, there was an active intention among members to submit manuscripts. Respondents showed a notable preference for the Transition to an online-only journal. Regarding content and identity of the JKACAP, members predominantly favored review articles and perceived the journal as a research and communication platform for Korean child and adolescent psychiatrists. Conclusion The results indicate the need for JKACAP to enhance its digital accessibility, provide more support for domestic and international authors, and actively seek SCIE indexing. Addressing the varied content preferences of its members, improving the submission process, and transitioning to an online-only format could further its growth and solidify its position as an internationally recognized academic journal in the field of child and adolescent psychiatry.

Objective: Suicide attempts (SAs) in adolescents are difficult to predict although it is a leading cause of death among adolescents. This study aimed to develop and evaluate SA prediction models based on six different machine learning (ML) algorithms for Korean adolescents using data from online surveys. Methods: Data were extracted from the 2011−2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (KYRBS), an ongoing annual national survey. The participants comprised 468,482 nationally representative adolescents from 400 middle and 400 high schools, aged 12 to 18. The models were trained using several classic ML methods and then tested on internal and external independent datasets; performance metrics were calculated. Data analysis was performed from March 2020 to June 2020. Results: Among the 468,482 adolescents included in the analysis, 15,012 cases (3.2%) were identified as having made an SA. Three features (suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and grade) were identified as the most important predictors. The performance of the six ML models on the internal testing dataset was good, with both the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision−recall curve (AUPRC) ranging from 0.92 to 0.94. Although the AUROC of all models on the external testing dataset (2018 KYRBS) ranged from 0.93 to 0.95, the AUPRC of the models was approximately 0.5. Conclusion The developed and validated SA prediction models can be applied to detect high risks of SA. This approach could facilitate early intervention in the suicide crisis and may ultimately contribute to suicide prevention for adolescents.

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention [Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, version IV (SNAP-IV)] and anger [Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger] for parents and guardians of children aged 6–17 years. Methods: We included 104 children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD with anxiety and depression, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (ADHD=41, depression=9, anxiety=14, ADHD+anxious depression=11, tic+somatic symptoms=29). Their ages ranged from 8 years to 15 years. The participants’ mothers completed the SNAP-IV, PROMIS Anger scale, Korean version of the IOWA Conners Rating Scale (K-IOWA), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) so that the reliability and validity of the SNAP-IV and PROMIS Anger scales, which are DSM-5 scales for assessing inattention and anger of children and adolescents, could be examined. Results: The reliability coefficient of SNAP-IV (Cronbach’s α) was 0.94. The correlation coefficients between SNAP-IV, K-IOWA inattention, and K-ARS inattention scores ranged from 0.73 to 0.86. The mean SNAP-IV scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+anxious depression groups were significantly higher than those of the anxiety and the tic+somatic symptoms groups. The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Anger was 0.91. The correlation coefficient between PROMIS Anger and K-IOWA oppositional/defiant scores was 0.75.The PROMIS Anger mean score of the ADHD+anxious depression group tended to be higher than that of the other groups. Conclusion These results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention and anger for parent and guardian of child age 6–17 might be a reliable and valid test and may be useful for screening children and adolescents with ADHD.

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention [Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, version IV (SNAP-IV)] and anger [Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger] for parents and guardians of children aged 6–17 years. Methods: We included 104 children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD with anxiety and depression, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (ADHD=41, depression=9, anxiety=14, ADHD+anxious depression=11, tic+somatic symptoms=29). Their ages ranged from 8 years to 15 years. The participants’ mothers completed the SNAP-IV, PROMIS Anger scale, Korean version of the IOWA Conners Rating Scale (K-IOWA), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) so that the reliability and validity of the SNAP-IV and PROMIS Anger scales, which are DSM-5 scales for assessing inattention and anger of children and adolescents, could be examined. Results: The reliability coefficient of SNAP-IV (Cronbach’s α) was 0.94. The correlation coefficients between SNAP-IV, K-IOWA inattention, and K-ARS inattention scores ranged from 0.73 to 0.86. The mean SNAP-IV scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+anxious depression groups were significantly higher than those of the anxiety and the tic+somatic symptoms groups. The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Anger was 0.91. The correlation coefficient between PROMIS Anger and K-IOWA oppositional/defiant scores was 0.75.The PROMIS Anger mean score of the ADHD+anxious depression group tended to be higher than that of the other groups. Conclusion These results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure–inattention and anger for parent and guardian of child age 6–17 might be a reliable and valid test and may be useful for screening children and adolescents with ADHD.

Deep learning (DL) is a kind of machine learning technique that uses artificial intelligence to identify the characteristics of given data and efficiently analyze large amounts of information to perform tasks such as classification and prediction. In the field of neuroimaging of neurodevelopmental disorders, various biomarkers for diagnosis, classification, prognosis prediction, and treatment response prediction have been examined; however, they have not been efficiently combined to produce meaningful results. DL can be applied to overcome these limitations and produce clinically helpful results. Here, we review studies that combine neurodevelopmental disorder neuroimaging and DL techniques to explore the strengths, limitations, and future directions of this research area.

OBJECTIVE: Synaptic vesicle mobilization and neurite outgrowth regulation molecules were examined in modulation of effects of methylphenidate (MPH) in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHRs), a model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: We compared the changes in the protein expression level of Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and molecular substrates of Cdk5; tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), syntaxin 1A (STX1A) and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25). Comparisons were made in prefrontal cortex of vehicle (distilled water i.p. for 7 days)-treated SHRs, vehicle-treated Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKYs) and MPH (2 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days) treated SHRs. RESULTS: The Cdk5 level of vehicle-treated SHRs was significantly decreased compared to the Cdk5 level of vehicle-treated WKY rats, but was restored to the expression level of vehicle-treated WKYs in MPH-treated SHR. The ratio of p25/p35 was significantly decreased in MPH-treated SHR compared to vehicle-treated SHR. Moreover, TrkB, STX1A and SNAP25 of vehicle-treated SHRs were significantly decreased compared to vehicle-treated WKY rats, but were restored to the expression level of vehicle-treated WKYs in MPH-treated SHR. CONCLUSION: The results show that Cdk5, TrkB, STX1A, and SNAP25 were involved in the modulation of MPH effects in prefrontal cortex of SHRs and play important role in treatment of ADHD.
Animals ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 ; Methylphenidate ; Neurites ; Phosphotransferases ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins ; Synaptic Vesicles ; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 ; Syntaxin 1 ; Tropomyosin ; Water

OBJECTIVES: To compare the white matter microstructure of dyslexic children with normal children using diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS: Twenty one dyslexic children and 24 normal control children were recruited in the second and third grade of elementary school students. The fractional anisotropy (FA) values of 20 representative white matter tracts were estimated from the diffusion tensor imaging data of each subject using the Johns Hopkins University-white matter tractography atlas to determine the difference in white matter integrity between the dyslexic children and normal children. RESULTS: Compared to the normal control group, the FA values of the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus [F(1,39)=5.908, p<0.05] and temporal part of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus [F(1,39)=7.328, p=0.010] were significantly higher in the dyslexic group and there was no significant difference in the other tracts. CONCLUSION: In dyslexic children, compensatory pathways develop in the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus and in the temporal part of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus.
Anisotropy ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Dyslexia ; Humans ; White Matter

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based school bullying prevention program for the adolescent perpetrators of school violence. METHODS: total of 395 middle and high school students (male=316, female=79) were included in this study. The changes after the program were evaluated using several self-rating scales for the assessment of the degree of depression, loneliness, impulsivity, self-esteem, and interpersonal reactivity compared with the baseline scales. RESULTS: The school bullying prevention program significantly reduced the degree of depression severity (t=5.985, p<0.001) and increased the self-esteem (t=-2.67, p=0.008) of the teenagers. This tendency was more pronounced among those teenagers under the age of 16. In the participants with high impulsivity or low empathy at baseline, the impulsivity scale decreased (t=2.617, p=0.009), while the interpersonal reactivity scale increased (t=-3.364, p=0.001) after the program. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that this CBT-based program developed for the prevention of school bullying can be effective in preventing further school violence. Further research to evaluate the long-term effects of the program is necessary.
Adolescent* ; Bullying ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Empathy ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Loneliness ; Violence* ; Weights and Measures

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric conditions. In 2007, the Korean Academy of child and Adolescent Psychiatry developed Korean ADHD practice parameter. Advances in the scientific evidence of ADHD caused practice parameter to be modified and updated. The present guidelines developed by ADHD translational research center summarize current literature for the treatment of ADHD in children and adults. This parameter includes the clinical evaluation for ADHD, comorbid conditions associated with ADHD, clinical feature and course, research on the etiology of the disorder, and psychopharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD.
Adolescent ; Adolescent Psychiatry ; Adult ; Child ; Diagnosis* ; Humans ; Translational Medical Research*