No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Free Tissue Flaps* ; Lower Extremity* ; Soft Tissue Injuries*

For intermediate- and high-risk nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is the standard adjuvant treatment following transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Although intravesical BCG therapy improves disease progression and bladder preservation in most patients, there are still a considerable number of BCG-unresponsive cases, for whom radical cystectomy (RC) is the recommended salvage treatment option. However, RC is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, and alternative treatment options are needed. New approaches, such as intravesical chemotherapy, device-assisted treatments, immune checkpoint inhibitors, viral gene therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors, and other novel agents are being investigated. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent trials for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.

No abstract available.
Burns* ; Humans ; Interleukin-2*

Background: The advance in microsurgical technique has facilitated a proper approach for reconstruction of extensive head and neck defects. For the success of free tissue reconstruction, selection of the recipient vessel is one of the most important factors. However, the vascular anatomy of this region is very complex, and a clear guideline about this subject is still lacking. In this study, we present our 30 years of experiences of free tissue reconstruction for head and neck defects. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed a total of 138 flaps in 127 patients who underwent head and neck reconstruction using free tissue transfer following tumor resection between October 1986 to August 2019. Patients who underwent facial palsy reconstruction were excluded. Medical records including patient’s demographics, detailed operation notes, follow-up records, and photographs were collected and analyzed. Results: Among a total of 127 patients, 10 patients underwent a secondary operation due to cancer recurrence. The most commonly used type of flap was radial forearm flap (n= 107), followed by the anterolateral thigh flap (n= 18) and fibula flap (n= 10). With regard to recipient vessels, superior thyroid artery was most commonly used in arterial anastomosis (58.7%), and internal jugular vein (51.3%) was the first choice for venous anastomosis. The flap survival rate was 100%. Four cases of venous thrombosis were resolved with thrombectomy and re-anastomosis. Conclusion Superior thyroid artery and internal jugular vein were reliable choices as recipient vessels. Proper recipient vessel selection could improve the result of head and neck reconstruction.

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects approximately one third of the human popu- lation worldwide. Considering the toxicity and side effects of anti-toxoplasma medications, it is important to develop effec- tive drug alternatives with fewer and less severe off-target effects. In this study, we found that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4- HBA) induced autophagy and the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Interestingly, treatment of BMDMs with 4-HBA significantly reduced the number of macrophages infected with T. gondii and the proliferation of T. gondii in infected cells. This effect was impaired by pretreating the macrophages with 3-methyladenine or wortmannin (selective autophagy inhibitors) or with sirtinol or EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitors). Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 prevented 4-HBA-mediated expres- sion of LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and the colocalization of T. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagosomes in BMDMs. These data suggest that 4-HBA promotes antiparasitic host responses by activating SIRT1- mediated autophagy, and 4-HBA might be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

PURPOSE: The social and economic impact of asthma is remarkable worldwide. To date, there have been many unanswered questions about factors related to asthma progression and persistence. This study focused on possible risk factors for persistent asthma that had developed between infancy and late childhood. METHODS: Sixty-seven children with persistent mild-to-moderate asthma were enrolled in this study. They were classified into 2 groups according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guideline 2006: early-onset (<3 years, n=28) and late-onset (>3 years, n=39) asthmatics. All patients were interviewed on the personal and familial history of atopy, breast feeding, parental smoking and the recent use of inhaled corticosteroids. We performed spirometry, and skin prick tests and measured body mass index, serum allergen-specific IgE, serum eosinophil counts and serum ECP in asthmatics. All asthmatics underwent the bronchial challenge by methacholine inhalation and outdoor free running. RESULTS: Risk factors such as eczema and frequent wheezing were more common in early-onset asthmatics than in late-onset asthmatics (P<0.05). However, there was no difference between the 2 groups in the overall incidence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) determined by the PC20 and postexercise decrease of FEV1 (P>0.05). Inhaled corticosteroids were more frequently used in early-onset asthmatics than in late-onset asthmatics (P<0.0001). A reciprocal relationship between FEV1/FVC and the duration of asthma was also detected in persistent asthmatics (n=57, r=-0.398, P=0.002). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that atopic dermatitis and frequent wheezing may be important risk factors for the persistence of asthma and lung function decline from early to late childhood.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Asthma ; Body Mass Index ; Breast Feeding ; Bronchial Provocation Tests ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Eczema ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Inhalation ; Lung ; Methacholine Chloride ; Parents ; Respiratory Sounds ; Risk Factors ; Running ; Skin ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Spirometry

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a small vessel inflammatory disease mediated mostly by deposition of immune complexes. Etanercept (Enbrel(R)) is widely used not only for rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis but also for dermatological diseases including psoriasis. Adverse drug reactions including pruritus, angioedema, and skin cancer have been reported. A 35-year-old female presented with palpable purpuric patches that developed on both lower legs 10 months after etanercept administration. A skin biopsy showed characteristic features of leukocytoclastic vasculitis, including perivascular infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes with leukocytoclasia and fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall. The patient was treated with oral and topical steroids, and the response was excellent and rapid. The patient was administered etanercept to control underlying ankylosing spondylitis. The skin lesions disappeared gradually after 4 weeks, and no other lesions were seen. The number of patients using etanercept has been increasing thus, the possibility of leukocytoclastic vasculitis in patients using etanercept should be considered.
Adult ; Angioedema ; Antigen-Antibody Complex ; Biopsy ; Drug Toxicity ; Female ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Leg ; Lymphocytes ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; Pruritus ; Psoriasis ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor ; Skin ; Skin Neoplasms ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing ; Steroids ; Vasculitis ; Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous ; Etanercept

No abstract available.
Epidermis* ; Urocanic Acid*

PURPOSE: This study assessed the association between the ratio of leukotriene E4 (LTE4) to fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the response of children with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) enrolled in a therapeutic trial with montelukast or inhaled corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate [FP]). METHODS: Children aged 6 to 18 years with EIB were randomized in a 4-week, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial with montelukast or FP. Before and after treatment, treadmill exercise challenges were performed. The LTE4 levels in the induced sputum and urine and the FENO levels were measured in subjects before and 30 minutes after the exercise challenges. The same tests were conducted after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients completed the study: 12 in the montelukast group and 12 in FP group. Both study groups displayed a similar postexercise maximum decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) before treatment as well as after treatment. However, there were significant differences in the magnitude of change between the two (Delta; -18.38+/-14.53% vs. -4.67+/-8.12% for the montelukast and FP groups, respectively; P=0.021). The Delta logarithmic sputum baseline and postexercise LTE4/FENO ratio were significantly lower in the montelukast group than in the FP group (baseline; -0.09+/-0.21 vs. -0.024+/-0.03, P=0.045; postexercise, -0.61+/-0.33 vs. -0.11+/-0.28, P=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the efficacy of montelukast for preventing a maximum decrease in FEV1 after exercise is significantly higher than that of FP, and the high LTE4/FENO ratio is associated with a greater response to montelukast than to FP for EIB therapy. These results suggest that LTE4 may play an important role in EIB.
Acetates ; Aged ; Bronchoconstriction ; Child ; Diethylpropion ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Leukotriene E4 ; Nitric Oxide ; Quinolines ; Sputum