PURPOSE: To compare the incidence between author's first and current report on urinary tract stone in patient with spinal cord injury and to evaluate the effectiveness of recent developed in medical technology and care on in treating the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed urinary tract stone in 257 patients with paraplegia or quadriplegia after spinal cord injury. These patients were diagnosed retrospectively by KUB and intravenous urography at the Korea Veterans Hospital during 10years from January, 1984 to December, 1993. We evaluated and compared the overall incidence, incidence of specific location of urinary tract, recurrent rate, incidence according to the level of spinal cord injury, and the duration of development in urinary tract stone. RESULTS: Total patients were 257 with 186(72.4%) paraplegia and 71(27.6%)quadriplegia. Overall incidence of the stone was 16.0% in this study and 38.1% in the first study. Incidence of the stone in individual organ ;5.5% in kidney, 1.2% in ureter, and 13.6% in urinary bladder. The recurrent rate was 29.3% in this study and 40.6% in the first study. Incidence of the stone according to the level of spinal cord injury was as follows;15.6% in cervix, 17.1% in upper thorax, 17.9% in lower thorax and 13.9% in lumbar. The stone developed during the first 4 years and between 12 to 16 years following spinal cord injury was 28.3% each. CONCLUSION: Overall incidence and recurrent rate of urinary tract stone was obviously decreased since the first study. Highest incidence of the stone occurred in urinary bladder and in patient with lower thoracic spinal cord injury, which is similar to first report. Peak incidence of the stone was in the first 4years, and another peak was in 12-16years after spinal cord injury. The decreased overall incidence of urinary tract stone maybe attributable to the development in medical technology and care, and active rehabilitation.
Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Hospitals, Veterans ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Korea ; Paraplegia ; Quadriplegia ; Rehabilitation ; Retrospective Studies* ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Thorax ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi* ; Urinary Tract* ; Urography

PURPOSE: To compare the incidence between author's first and current report on urinary tract stone in patient with spinal cord injury and to evaluate the effectiveness of recent developed in medical technology and care on in treating the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed urinary tract stone in 257 patients with paraplegia or quadriplegia after spinal cord injury. These patients were diagnosed retrospectively by KUB and intravenous urography at the Korea Veterans Hospital during 10years from January, 1984 to December, 1993. We evaluated and compared the overall incidence, incidence of specific location of urinary tract, recurrent rate, incidence according to the level of spinal cord injury, and the duration of development in urinary tract stone. RESULTS: Total patients were 257 with 186(72.4%) paraplegia and 71(27.6%)quadriplegia. Overall incidence of the stone was 16.0% in this study and 38.1% in the first study. Incidence of the stone in individual organ ;5.5% in kidney, 1.2% in ureter, and 13.6% in urinary bladder. The recurrent rate was 29.3% in this study and 40.6% in the first study. Incidence of the stone according to the level of spinal cord injury was as follows;15.6% in cervix, 17.1% in upper thorax, 17.9% in lower thorax and 13.9% in lumbar. The stone developed during the first 4 years and between 12 to 16 years following spinal cord injury was 28.3% each. CONCLUSION: Overall incidence and recurrent rate of urinary tract stone was obviously decreased since the first study. Highest incidence of the stone occurred in urinary bladder and in patient with lower thoracic spinal cord injury, which is similar to first report. Peak incidence of the stone was in the first 4years, and another peak was in 12-16years after spinal cord injury. The decreased overall incidence of urinary tract stone maybe attributable to the development in medical technology and care, and active rehabilitation.
Cervix Uteri ; Female ; Hospitals, Veterans ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney ; Korea ; Paraplegia ; Quadriplegia ; Rehabilitation ; Retrospective Studies* ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Cord* ; Thorax ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Calculi* ; Urinary Tract* ; Urography

No abstract available.
Child* ; Cyclosporine* ; Humans ; Nephrosis, Lipoid*

No abstract available.
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome*

PURPOSE: The axillary lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. The axillary node dissection is done are usually performed in infiltrating breast cancer for the information of therapeutic decision and prediction of prognosis. But this procedure results in lymphedema of affected upper extremity nearly about 25%, increased axillary drainage, sensory abnormality and pain. Many researches are focussed to find the patients group who do not need axillary dissection according to the status of tumor size, patient age, hormonal receptor and histologic grade. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated the axillary lymph node status related with tumor size less then 2 cm in and the correlation of other prognostic factor. We reviewed 127 women with histologically diagnosed infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast who were treated by one surgeon at YongDong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of medicine between 1991 and 1996. RESULTS: Five patients (3.9%) had T1a lesion (< 5 mm), 24 patients (18.9%) had T1b tumors (6-10 mm), and 98 cases (77.2%) had T1c lesion (11-20 mm). The average numbers of dissected axillary lymph nodes were 14.2 We found that small tumor size, good histologic grade, estrogen receptor positivity, old age (over 50 years) showed tendency of decreased axillary node metastasis but without statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: There are possibility of finding subset with low risk of axillary lymph node metastasis in small size tumor with addition of good prognostic indicators such as good histologic grade, hormonal receptors and old age.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Drainage ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Lymphedema ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Prognosis ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: c-erbB2 encodes 185 kDa oncoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity and has homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor. c-erbB2 proto-oncogene is found to be overexpressed in approximately 20 to 30% of primary breast cancer and has been associated with poor prognosis and lower response to conventional chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We perfonned a study on 40 infiltrating ductal breast cancers treated with primary surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. We investigated c-erbB2 expression by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissue using polyclonal antipeptide antibody(DAKO). We evaluated the relationships between its expression and the results after over 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-FU. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 43 years and the median follow-up time was 47.3 months. Thirteen(32.1%) of 40 patients showed the c-erbB2 overexpression in the external domains of protein. There were no correlations among c-erbB2 amplification and other prognostic factors such as hormonal receptors, histologic grade and tumor size. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor showed tendency of inverse correlation with c-erbB2 overexpression but it was not statistically significant(p>0.05). c-erbB2 positive patients showed shorter disease free survival compared to c-erbB2 negative patients in univariate analysis(p<0.05)(Kaplan Meire analysis). The patients without c-erbB2 overexpression seemed to survive longer but had no significant survival benefit(p>0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that overexpression of c-erbB2 may be a marker of poor response to adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF regimen and may be an indicator of more aggressive therapy.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Cyclophosphamide ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy* ; Estrogens ; Fluorouracil ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methotrexate ; Prognosis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Progesterone

No abstract available.
Liver* ; Paratyphoid Fever* ; Typhoid Fever*

Cystic lymphangioma are rare benign tumors that originate as a congenital anomaly of the lymphatic system. Their common presentation is in neck and axillary area at the birth, during infancy or early pediatric age group. Author reports an unusual case of cystic lymphangioma of breast which was diagnosed in a 32-year-old woman. The findings were very dense, sharply defined, and multilobulated masses on mammography, and mu-Itiloculated echo free lesions on ultrasonogram.
Adult ; Breast* ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Lymphatic System ; Mammography ; Neck ; Parturition ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To evaluate the pattern of colonic diverticulosis according to age and sex, and recent trend. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed 120 cases of colonic diverticulosis in 1,020 patients who had undergone a double contrast barium enema examination between January 1st, 1993, and December 31st, 1995, and analyzed the frequency, size, multiplicity and anatomical site, according to age and sex. Diverticulum size was classified into one of three groups : less than 5mm, 5-10mm, over 10mm in diameter. RESULTS: The overall incidence of colonic diverticulosis was 120 cases among 1,020 patients(11.8%) with an incidence 5.3 times higher in males than in females. Peak incidence was in the fifth decade, with 19 cases (15.8%) among males, and after the sixth decade, with four cases(3.3%) among females. Mean age was 57.7 years. Diverticulum size of 5-10mm in diameter was predominant 2% of cases) ; average diameter was 5-6mm. The incidence of colonic diverticulosis was 5.1 times more frequent in the right colon(101 cases) than in the left (20 cases). CONCLUSION: The overal overall incidence of colonic diverticulosis has continually increased; in addition it has also recently increased slightly in left-sided colon. This is thought to be due to various factors, both congenital and acquired, including longer life with good health care, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, stress and the tendency of eating patterns to more closely resemble those of the west.
Barium* ; Colon* ; Constipation ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diverticulosis, Colonic* ; Diverticulum ; Eating ; Enema* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

Purpose c-erbB2 encodes 185 kDa oncoprotein tyrosine kinase activity and has homology to the epidermal growth factor. c-erbB2 proto-oncogene is found to be overexpressed in approximately 20 to 30 % of primary breast cancer and has been associated with poor prognosis and lower response to conventional chemotherapy. Materials and methods We performed a stedy on 40 infiltrating ductal breast cancer treated with primary surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. We investigated c-erbB2 expression by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded tissue using polyclonal antipeptide antibody (DAKO). We evaluated the relationships between its expression and the results after over 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-FU. Results The median age at diagnosis was 43 years and the median follow-up time was 47.3 months. Thirteen (32.1%) of 40 patients showed the c-erbB2 overexpression in the external domains of protein. There were no correlations among c-erbB2 amplification and other prognostic factors such as hormonal receptors, histologic grade and tumor size. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor showed tendency of inverse correlation with c-erbB2 overexpression but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). c-erbB2 positive patients showed shorter disease free survival compared to c-erbB2 negative patients in univariate analysis (p<0.05)(Kaplan Meire analysis). The patients without c-erbB2 overexpression seemed to survive longer but had no significant survival benefit (p>0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that overexpression of c-erbB2 may be a marker of poor response to adjuvant chemotherapy with CMF regimen and may be an indicator of more aggressive therapy.
Breast Neoplasms ; Breast* ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Cyclophosphamide ; Diagnosis ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy* ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Estrogens ; Fluorouracil ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Methotrexate ; Prognosis ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptors, Progesterone