PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the smoking behaviors and to identify the impacts of depression, temperament, and characteristic on smoking experience in the female adolescents. METHODS: This study surveyed 691 highschool girls in the Gangwon area using self-administered questionnaires. Data were analyzed by SPSS 12.0. using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. RESULTS: The smoking rate of the highschool girls was lower than that of the national average. Depression was observed to be seriously in the highschool girls. There were a positive correlations among smoking experience, the school records and novelty seeking and a negative correlation between smoking and cooperativeness. The significant predictors of smoking experience were the type of school, the satisfaction with school, the school records, novelty seeking, reward dependence and cooperativeness. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that femalel adolescents who have the factors identified in this study are considered to have the potential for smoking. These results provide the basis for developing smoking prevention and cessation programs.
Adolescent* ; Depression* ; Female ; Gangwon-do ; Humans ; Reward ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Temperament* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Skeletal Class III malocclusions are growth-related discrepancies, and the problems are more severe until growth is complete. Causes of skeletal Class III malocclusion are classified into mandibular overgrowth, maxillary deficiency, and combination of the two. Face mask has been recommended for treatment of Class M malocclusion with maxillary deficiency in the early time of growth. Numerous experiments were performed and clinical studies have been reported on face mask ; nevertheless, studies on profile changes and stability after treatment of face mask are considered to be somewhat insufficient. The author selected 50 patients who can be checked for follow-up. They had been diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency and then treated with face mask ; the sample group was divided according to sex, treatment beginning age, palatal suture opening(intraoral appliance). For each group, changing pattern of facial profile and stability of treatment observed, and comparison with 20 Korean normal children(Angle's Class I ). The following results were obtained. 1. Skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements indicated more changes in the amounts of maxillary forward movement during face mask treatment. 2. R.P.E. group showed more significant maxillofacial changes and La-Li group showed more dental changes. 3. Growth changes of maxilla induced in the treatment group during wearing face mask were much more than those of normal group. 4. Growth changes of maxilla in the treatment group after treatment of face mask were less than those of normal group. From the obtained data, it can be concluded that. there was a stimulative effect on forward growth of maxilla during the use of face mask however, on removal of face mask, the stimulative effect was eliminated and undergrowth tendency of maxilla resumed.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Malocclusion ; Masks* ; Maxilla ; Sutures

PURPOSE: To determine whether triple negative (TN) early stage breast cancers have poorer survival rates compared with other molecular types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between August 2000 and July 2006, patients diagnosed with stage I, II early stage breast cancers, in whom all three markers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor [HER]-2) were available and treated with modified radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Of 446 patients, 94 (21.1%) were classified as TN, 57 (12.8%) as HER-2 type, and 295 (66.1%) as luminal. TN was more frequently associated with young patients younger than 35 years old (p = 0.002), higher histologic grade (p < 0.0001), and nuclear (p < 0.0001). The median follow-up period was 78 months (range, 4 to 130 months). There were 9 local relapses (2.0%), 15 nodal (3.4%), 40 distant metastases (9.0%), and 33 deaths (7.4%) for all patients. The rates of 5-year OS, DFS, LFS, and DMFS for all patients were 95.5%, 89.9%, 95.4%, and 91.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in OS, DFS, LFS, and DMFS between triple negative and other subtypes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: We found that patients with TN early stage breast cancers had no difference in survival rates compared with other molecular subtypes. Prospective study in homogeneous treatment group will need for a prognosis of TN early stage breast cancer.
Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Phenobarbital ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, hypertension or other cardiovasular diseases, and normal health person due to cardiac arrhythmia or coronary microcirculatory insufficiency. According to development of echocardiography, left ventricular mass and the patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy can be measured. Therefore, we tried to classify the left ventricular hypertrophy in coronary artery disease and to differentiate cardiac function and severity of coronary artery disease in these groups. METHOD: From September 1993 to August 1995, in 44 cases(23 males, 21 females) without hypertension with normal coronary angiography and 84 cases(62 males, 22 females) without hypertension with coronary artery disease on coronary angiography were compared by two-dimensional, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: In normal control group, mean age was 51+/-11years, and in coronary artery disease group, mean age was 58+/-10years. Atherosclerotic risk factors showed no significant differences in each groups. LVH patterns in normal control group were 31 cases(70%) of normal left ventricle, 6 cases(14%) concentric remodelling, 2 cases(5%) concentric hypertrophy, and 5 cases(11%) eccentric hypertrophy. In coronary artery disease group, 30 cases(36%) were normal left ventricle, 17 cases(20%) concentric remodelling, 14 cases(17%) concentric hypertrophy, and 23 cases(27%) eccentric hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, concentric and eccentric hypertrophy were more common in coronary artery disease group than normal control group. And comparing to one vessel disease grroup, multi-vessel disease group had more common concentric and eccentric hypertrophy. This result were considered that left ventricular concentric hypertrophy may induce coronary heart disease because more oxygen demand required and fixed coronary circulation, and essentric hypertrophy was due to post-infarct left ventricular remodelling and wall thinning.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease* ; Coronary Circulation ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessels* ; Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Hypertrophy ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular* ; Male ; Oxygen ; Risk Factors

Dermatomyositis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation and degeneration of skeletal muscles and cutaneous abnormalities. Cardiac involvement in dermatomyositis-polymyositis is thought to be rare. In recent year, however, there has been an increasing number of reports on cardiac abnormalities in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis due to development of noninvasive diagnostic techniques. Categorically, these abnormalities have included electrocardiographic changes, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and pericarditis. A 56-year-old woman was admittied to the Ewha womans University Hospital with dyspnea and palpitation. She was diagnosed as having dermatomyositis and followed up our department of Dermatology. Electrocardiogram showed a paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia at as rate of 195/min. The patient was treated with 240mg/day verapamil p.o, 60mg/day prednisone p.o, there was marked improvement of symptoms. Systematic study of cardiac function utilizing echocardiography, Holter monitoring, thallium-201-scan, and gated blood pool studies were conducted in five newly diagnosed patients with dematomyositis-polymyositis. A significant elevation of serum CPK-MB is indicative of cardiac involvement. Cardiac involvement is a serious prognostic sign. We report a case with the review of the literature.
Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Dermatology ; Dermatomyositis* ; Dyspnea ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory ; Female ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Pericarditis ; Polymyositis ; Prednisone ; Prognosis ; Tachycardia, Supraventricular* ; Verapamil

No abstract available.
Aspergillosis*

PURPOSE: The objectives for this study were to identify the factors that correlate with appraisal of illness and to explore what variables are predictive of cancer patients primary caregivers' cognitive appraisal for stress. METHOD: The subjects were selected by convenient sampling and 130 caregivers who completed a questionnaire. Measures used in this study included the Family Inventory of Resources for Management, Social Support Index, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales and Family Coping Coherence Index. Pearson correlation was used to identify the relationship among factors and multiple regression was used to determine the individual and cumulative effect of potential predictors on the caregivers' appraisal. RESULTS: Patient's level of activity, severity of the disease, quality of relation between patient and caregiver, caregiver's subjective health status, economic status, family resources and coping were significantly correlated. Among the variables, coping, family resources, economic status and quality of relation between caregiver and patient predicted 49.2 percent of the variance in appraisal of caregivers' stress condition. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that coping mechanisms and family resources are important for positive appraisal. Nurses should provide adequate nursing care for the primary caregiver about professional care information and supportive counseling.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Caregivers* ; Counseling ; Humans ; Nursing Care ; Weights and Measures ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The estimation of age is an important issue in forensic science, and the forensic community has attempted many times to establish methods for solving this issue. Aging leads to alterations in tissues and organs at the molecular level. These alterations at the molecular level may aid forensic scientists to estimate the age of a living person or a dead body. Initially, the focus was on the genetic components of aging, but recently, epigenetic mechanisms have emerged as the key contributors to the alterations in genome structure and function that accompany aging. In particular, DNA methylation is one of the best-understood mechanisms, and it has been suggested as a promising biomarker for age estimation in many studies. In this review, we summarize the recent studies on age-associated DNA methylation changes in different tissues and discuss its possible and practical applications in forensics.
Aging ; DNA ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenomics ; Forensic Sciences ; Genome ; Humans

In order to evaluate the effecacy of 2D-Doppler echocardiography for the measurement of pulmonary flow(Qp), systolic flow(Qs), the ratio of pulmonary flow and systemic flow and systemic flow(Qp/Qs), 19 membranous ventricular septal defect patients were examined in the period from July, 1986 to October, 1987 at Ewha Women's university hospital. The measurement of Qp, Qs, Qp/Qs by 2D-Doppler echocardiography were compared with the results by the Fick's method of cardiac catheterization.The following results were obtained. 1) The total of the 19 patients consisted of 15 males and 4 females. The mean age of the patients was 8.2 years. 2) It was found that the Fick's method and 2D-Doppler measurements of Qp (n=19, r=0.67), Qs (n=19, r=0.88), and Qp/Qs ratio(n=19, r=0.62) were highly correlated(p<0.01). 3) It is understood that the measurement of Qp, Qs, Qp/Qs ratio by 2D-Doppler echocardiography were quite useful to the noninvative diagnosis of ventricular septal defect.
Cardiac Catheterization* ; Cardiac Catheters* ; Diagnosis ; Echocardiography* ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Female ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular* ; Humans ; Male

Although the incidence of tuberculosis in Korea in general has declined in recent years, it remains an importat health problem, especially in children. Inspite of the recent controversy over the necessity of tuberculin skin test prior to measles vaccination, this brief report shows 13.8% of positive skin test at 9 and 15 months of age at the time of measles vaccination. We feel, in Korea, practicing tuberculin skin test prior to measles vaccination is good way of detecting asymptomatic infection in young age who needs preventive therapy.
Asymptomatic Infections ; Child ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Measles* ; Skin Tests* ; Skin* ; Tuberculin* ; Tuberculosis ; Vaccination*