No abstract available.
Hydrops Fetalis*

PURPOSE: This study was done to examine the effects of mood state, resourcefulness, and health perception on health promoting behavior of hospital nurses. METHODS: Convenience sampling was conducted for nurses working at three University hospital and 336 nurses were selected. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: The results of the analysis showed that the score for nurses' mood state was 41.76+/-18.90; for resourcefulness, 11.30+/-20.63; for health perception, 3.32+/-.77, and for health promoting behavior, 111.55+/-17.76. Mood state, resourcefulness, and health perception were significantly correlated with health promoting behavior. The overall explanatory power of the effects of nurses' mood state, resourcefulness, and health perception on health promoting behavior was 27.8%. CONCLUSION: Study results indicate that better mood state, higher resourcefulness, and higher health perception result in more health promoting behavior.

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the awareness of gender equality among nursing college students, and to provide basic data for educational solutions and desirable directions. METHODS: A Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. 34 selected Q-statements from each of 20 women nursing college students were classified into a shape of normal distribution using 9-point scale. Subjectivity on the equality among genders was analyzed by the pc-QUANL program. RESULTS: Four types of awareness of gender equality in nursing college students were identified. The name for type I was 'pursuit of androgyny', for type II, 'difference-recognition', for type III, 'human-relationship emphasis', and for type IV, 'social-system emphasis'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that different approaches to educational programs on gender equality are recommended for nursing college students based on the four types of gender equality awareness.
Female ; *Gender Identity ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a measurement tool of nurse's turnover intention. METHODS: Data were collected from questionnaires completed by 678 nurses who worked in 3 university hospitals in South Korea and analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18 programs. Thirty-seven preliminary items were selected from 161 basic items extracted via a literature review and in depth interviews with 6 hospital nurses. Three steps with factor analysis were undertaken to verify the reliability and validity of the preliminary instruments. Finally, confirmative factor analysis was carried out. RESULTS: As a result of the analysis, 3 factors including 10 items were selected. Cronbach's Alpha for the 10 items was .83, for job satisfaction (4 items), .78, for interpersonal relationships (3 items), .80, and for work performance (3 items), .74, which was stable. CONCLUSION: This study is meaningful because through it a scale reflecting Korean culture was developed to measure turnover intention in nurses. Further studies that test the psychometrics of this scale in more diverse samples are warranted.
Adult ; Female ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Interviews as Topic ; Job Satisfaction ; Male ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/*psychology ; *Personnel Turnover ; Questionnaires ; Task Performance and Analysis

PURPOSE: Professional nursing ethics is a living, dynamic set of standards for nurses'professional moral behavior. Furthermore, in daily clinical nursing training, nursing students are constantly confronted with decisionmaking that is moral in nature. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived ethical attitudes in the clinical training process of senior nursing students using Q-methodology to offer basic strategies for nursing ethics education and thereby improve patients'care. METHODS: Q-methodology provides a scientific method for identifying perception structures that exist within certain individuals or groups. Thirty-seven participants in a university rated 38 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-9. The collected data were analyzed using pc-QUNAL software. RESULTS: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of ethical attitudes in nursing students in Korea. The categories were labeled Sacred-life, Science-realistic and Humane-life. Sacred-life individuals think that a life belongs to an absolute power (God), not a man, and a human life is a high and noble thing. Science-realistic individuals disagreed that allowing an induced abortion or embryo (human) duplication is unethical behavior that provokes a trend, which takes the value of a life lightly; most of them took a utilitarian position with respect to ethical decisions. Humane-life individuals exhibit a tendency toward human-centered thought with respect to ethical attitudes. CONCLUSION: This study will be of interest to educators of students of nursing and hospital nursing administrators. Also, the findings may provide the basis for the development of more appropriate strategies to improve nursing ethics education programs.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Analysis of Variance ; *Attitude of Health Personnel/ethnology ; Clinical Competence/standards ; Decision Making ; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/ethics/standards ; *Ethics, Nursing/education ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humanism ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations/ethics ; Korea ; Morals ; Needs Assessment ; Nursing Methodology Research/methods ; Patient Rights/ethics ; Philosophy, Nursing ; *Q-Sort ; Religion and Psychology ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; Value of Life

Since death is an extremely subjective and unique experience, if we take into account the lack of understanding about death due to the difficulty in methodology, it is very important to try to understand the subjectivity of death. In this respect, Q-methodology that explains and shows the respondents' subjectivity by objectifying his subjectivity is employed as a solution to the questions in this study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide data on how medical personnel should treat their patients, when, it comes to death ; by finding out the opinions of those who are being treated, namely the patients, and those who are providing the treatment, namely the medical personnel. It also by examined the characteristics and relationships between these two groups on attitudes to death. The results of this study show that medical personnel have two(fate-recipient, reality-oriented) types of response and patients have three(religion-dependent, science-adherent, sardonist) types. Medical personnel saw patients as having three(life-attached, traditionalist, death-rejector) types of response and to patients saw medical personnel as having two(rationalist, humanist)types. The relationship between the above-mentioned types will be examined in a coorientation model, the subjectivity of the medical personnel and the patient toward death indicates a relatively high understanding between the two groups under the great proposition of 'death'. Therefore, in their relationship with people who are facing death, the provider of care, namely the medical personnel, should identify the subjectivity of the patient before approaching them. By doing this, they can minimize the conflicts they might experience in establishing a therapeutic relationship, reduce suffering, and help the patient in greeting a more comfortable death. Throughout the study, Q-methodology expands out understanding of coorientation model that has only been approached with R-methodology. This study confirmed Q's potentiality and its validity in human subjective matters.
Attitude to Death ; Humans

Alkaptonuria (AKU, OMIM: 203500) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of tyrosine metabolism due to a defect of enzyme activity, homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD). The patients with AKU initially presented with dark urine discoloration, and ochronosis and arthritis develop after third decades of life. With advances of Internet resources, web-based health seekers for rare disease are increasing. Here, we report the case of an 18-year-old boy with AKU who visited our center due to dark black urine based on self-diagnosis via web searching of this rare condition. Compound heterozygous mutations in HGD gene, IVS5+3A>C and IVS12+6T>C were identified and both of mutations were detected in his parents. Our case illustrates the utility of publicly available Internet resources for diagnosis of rare disease.
Adolescent ; Alkaptonuria* ; Arthritis ; Databases, Genetic ; Diagnosis ; Homogentisate 1,2-Dioxygenase ; Humans ; Internet* ; Male ; Metabolism ; Ochronosis ; Parents ; Rare Diseases* ; Tyrosine

In order to examine the neurotoxic mechanism of oxygen radicals on cultured bovine oligodendrocytes, cytoxic effect of oxygen radicals was examined when cultures were treated with various concentrations of xanthine oxidase (XO) and hypoxanthine (HX) in culture medium. In addition, the neuroprotective effect of iron-chelators against the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals was evaluated by MTT assay. Cell viability was remarkably decreased in a time-dependent manner after exposure of cultured bovine oligodendrocytes to 20mU/ml XO and 0.1mM HX for 4 hours. In the neuroprotective effect of iron-chelators on oxidant-induced neurotoxicity, tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) blocked the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals, while DFX was not effective in blocking oxidant-induced neurotoxicity in these cultures. These results suggest that oxygen radicals are toxic in cultured bovine oligodendrocytes, and also selective iron-chelators such as TPEN are effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by oxygen radicals.
Allopurinol* ; Cell Survival ; Hypoxanthine ; Neuroprotective Agents ; Oligodendroglia ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Xanthine Oxidase

Nitric oxide (NO) elevates intracellular calcium. But the actions of calcium in NO-induced cell death are not well understood. This study was carried out to investigate the signal transduction pathways of calcium and NO-induced cytotoxicity in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts by using NO donor compounds such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP). Pretreatment of intracellular calcium chelating agent (BAPTA/AM) or L-type calcium channel blockers (nicardipine, nifedipine, diltiazem and veraparmil) or T-type calcium channel blocker (flunarizine) blocked SNP-induced cytotoxicity respectively only in a three hours. However, thapsigargin (TG), which inhibits endoplasmic reticulum dependent Ca(2+)-ATPase and thereby increases cytosolic Ca(2+), augmented SNP-induced cytotoxicity. The protective effect of BAPTA/AM was inhibited by treatment of protein synthesis inhibitor, cyclohexamide. In addition, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), NF-kB inhibitor, attenuates the protective effect of BAPTA/AM against SNP-induced cytotoxicity. It is indicated that the protective effect of BAPTA/AM against NO-induced cytotoxicity might be due to the expression of protein related to activation of NFkB. From these results, it is concluded that SNP-induced cytotoxicity is mediated by calcium in a 3 hours via down regulation of protein expression rleated to activation of NFkB.
Calcium Channels, L-Type ; Calcium Channels, T-Type ; Calcium* ; Cell Death ; Cytosol ; Diltiazem ; Down-Regulation ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; Humans ; Myoblasts, Cardiac* ; NF-kappa B ; Nifedipine ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitroprusside ; S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine ; Signal Transduction* ; Thapsigargin ; Tissue Donors

Nitric oxide (NO) is mainly involved in brain ischemic damage to elucidate the protective mechanism of NO pretreatment on ischemic-induced cytotoxicity. This study was investigated whether NO pretreatment inhibits the increase of iNOS expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) via regulating NF-kB activation in C6 glial cells. C6 glial cells with LPS and PMA for 72 hours markedly induced NO, but sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (100 nM) pretreatment before exposure of LPS and PMA significantly supressed NO production, iNOS expression and NF-kB activation by LPS and PMA. In addition, LPS and PMA treatment for 72 hours induced severely cell death and LDH release from cell into media in C6 glial cells. However SNP pretreatment before treatment of LPS and PMA significantly protected LPS and PMA induced cytotoxicity. Treatment with LPS and PMA induced caspase 3 activation follewed by chromosomal condensation, and fragmentation of nuclei in C6 glial cells. SNP pretreatment before exposure to LPS and PMA supressed caspase 3 activation and inhibited chromosomal condensation and fragmentation of nuclei. From these above results, it is suggest that the protective effects of SNP pretreatment against LPS and PMA induced cytotoxicity may be mediated by inhibiting the expression of iNOS via regulating NF-kB activation.
Brain ; Caspase 3 ; Cell Death ; Neuroglia ; NF-kappa B ; Nitric Oxide* ; Nitroprusside