No abstract available.
Methicillin Resistance* ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus*

PURPOSE: Professional nursing ethics is a living, dynamic set of standards for nurses'professional moral behavior. Furthermore, in daily clinical nursing training, nursing students are constantly confronted with decisionmaking that is moral in nature. The aim of this study was to identify the perceived ethical attitudes in the clinical training process of senior nursing students using Q-methodology to offer basic strategies for nursing ethics education and thereby improve patients'care. METHODS: Q-methodology provides a scientific method for identifying perception structures that exist within certain individuals or groups. Thirty-seven participants in a university rated 38 selected Q-statements on a scale of 1-9. The collected data were analyzed using pc-QUNAL software. RESULTS: Principal component analysis identified 3 types of ethical attitudes in nursing students in Korea. The categories were labeled Sacred-life, Science-realistic and Humane-life. Sacred-life individuals think that a life belongs to an absolute power (God), not a man, and a human life is a high and noble thing. Science-realistic individuals disagreed that allowing an induced abortion or embryo (human) duplication is unethical behavior that provokes a trend, which takes the value of a life lightly; most of them took a utilitarian position with respect to ethical decisions. Humane-life individuals exhibit a tendency toward human-centered thought with respect to ethical attitudes. CONCLUSION: This study will be of interest to educators of students of nursing and hospital nursing administrators. Also, the findings may provide the basis for the development of more appropriate strategies to improve nursing ethics education programs.
Adaptation, Psychological ; Analysis of Variance ; *Attitude of Health Personnel/ethnology ; Clinical Competence/standards ; Decision Making ; *Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/ethics/standards ; *Ethics, Nursing/education ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humanism ; Humans ; Interprofessional Relations/ethics ; Korea ; Morals ; Needs Assessment ; Nursing Methodology Research/methods ; Patient Rights/ethics ; Philosophy, Nursing ; *Q-Sort ; Religion and Psychology ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; Value of Life

Since death is an extremely subjective and unique experience, if we take into account the lack of understanding about death due to the difficulty in methodology, it is very important to try to understand the subjectivity of death. In this respect, Q-methodology that explains and shows the respondents' subjectivity by objectifying his subjectivity is employed as a solution to the questions in this study. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide data on how medical personnel should treat their patients, when, it comes to death ; by finding out the opinions of those who are being treated, namely the patients, and those who are providing the treatment, namely the medical personnel. It also by examined the characteristics and relationships between these two groups on attitudes to death. The results of this study show that medical personnel have two(fate-recipient, reality-oriented) types of response and patients have three(religion-dependent, science-adherent, sardonist) types. Medical personnel saw patients as having three(life-attached, traditionalist, death-rejector) types of response and to patients saw medical personnel as having two(rationalist, humanist)types. The relationship between the above-mentioned types will be examined in a coorientation model, the subjectivity of the medical personnel and the patient toward death indicates a relatively high understanding between the two groups under the great proposition of 'death'. Therefore, in their relationship with people who are facing death, the provider of care, namely the medical personnel, should identify the subjectivity of the patient before approaching them. By doing this, they can minimize the conflicts they might experience in establishing a therapeutic relationship, reduce suffering, and help the patient in greeting a more comfortable death. Throughout the study, Q-methodology expands out understanding of coorientation model that has only been approached with R-methodology. This study confirmed Q's potentiality and its validity in human subjective matters.
Attitude to Death ; Humans

In order to prevent cross-infection, the sterilization of used and/or contaminated anesthetic- apparatus is still a difficult problem in clinical practice, particularly, following anesthesia for known advanced pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Therefore the antibacterisl activities of, an amphoteric detergent, Dodecyl diaminoethyl glycin hydrochloride (Hygien 51) were tested in vitro as a disinfectant against mycobacteria (M. tuberculosis H37 Rv, M. bovis, M. avium, M. tuberculosis H37 Ra, M. phlei, B.C.G.) The antimycobacterial activity tests were performed according to the modified Kolmer method. The testing organisms were cultured in Dubos broth at 37 degrees C, and the detergent, Hygien 51, was: diluted with sterile distilled water to 1,3,5 and 10%. One half milliliter of culture was pipetted into each tube containing 4.5 ml of diluted detergent, and at intervals of 3, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes, a 4mm loopful of the material was removed from each tube, and transferred to Ogawa media. The tests were carried out at two different temperatures, 20 degrees C and 50 degrees C. The subcultures were incubated at 37 degrees C for more than 8 weeks. The results were obtained as follows: 1) At room temperature (20 degrees C), all mycobateria, except M. bovis, were destroyed by treatment- with 10% solution of the detergent for more than 60 minutes. M. bovis was relatively sensitive to the detergent, and was killed by 5% solution for 30 min. and 10% for 15 min., but M. avium. was very resistant, and was not killed by 10% solution for 240 min. 2) By treatment with the detergent at 50 degrees C, the antimycobacterial activities of the detergent were highly increased. All mycobacteria were destroyed by 1% solution for 180 min, and by 10% for less than 30 min at 50 degrees C. In the comparison of the antibacterial activities against mycobacteria and other bacteria, it shows that mycobacteria are generally more resistant to the detergent, Hygien 51.
Anesthesia ; Bacteria ; Detergents ; Sterilization ; Tuberculosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary ; Water

Clinical experience using different anesthetic methods for intravenous regional anesthesia in extremities was compared, To group 1 (22 cases, 20 for upper extremity and 2 for lower extremity surgery, with 5 min. limb elevation) 1.5mg/kg Lidocaine hydrochloride was administered and a single pneumatic tourniquet applied. For both group 2 (15 patients, 10 for upper limb and 5 for lower limb operations with limb elevation) and group 3 (11 cases, all for upper extremity operations, but Esmarch bandages instead of pre tourniquet elevation) 3. 0 mg/kg Lidocaine hydroehloride was used and a second tourniquet placed distal to the first. In all groups the anesthetic concentration was 0. 5 and 0. 25 per cent for the upper and lower extremities respectfully. Pneumatic tourniquet pressure applied was 250 mmHg for the upper limb and 500mmHg for the lower. Excellent anesthesia resulted in 68. 2 per cent in group 1, 73.3 per cent in group 2, and 100 per cent in group 3. No serious complications were encountered. Incidence of incomplete anesthesia and/or tourniquet pain could be decreased by increasing the anesthetic concentration, using a secondary tourniquet, and by selecting the region to be anesthetized (upper extremities in favor of the lower). It is concluded that intravenous regional anesthesia is simple, effective and safe and is recommended for ambulatory patients, emergency operations and for patients for whom general anesthesia is deferred.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Conduction* ; Anesthesia, General ; Bandages ; Emergencies ; Extremities ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lidocaine ; Lower Extremity ; Tourniquets ; Upper Extremity

PURPOSE: This study attempted to investigate the prevalence and related factors of Clonorchiasis among five major riverside residents in South Korea. METHODS: This study is descriptive research, nationwide survey, and the subjects are 23,492 residents selected by convenience sampling. Data collection was conducted between March 1 and June 30, 2011, and stool collection and questionnaire survey were conducted by affiliated public health centers in 38 cities and Gun's. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of Clonorchiasis in the five major riversides were as follows: the Guem River 15.2%; the Nakdong River 11.9%; the Seomjin River 10.9%; the Han River 5.7%; and the Yeongsan River 3.9%. The prevalence rates were shown to be significantly high among people who had highly frequent experiences of eating and cooking freshwater raw fish, were diagnosed with liver and/or biliary tract diseases, and drank less than once a month. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that it is necessary to improve awareness of Clonorchiasis and provide intensive public health education for the riverside residents. And the target groups should be set up by reflecting the characteristics of at-risk groups, and it is necessary to prepare customized strategies for prevention and management of Clonorchiasis.
Biliary Tract Diseases ; Clonorchiasis* ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Cooking ; Data Collection ; Eating ; Education ; Fresh Water ; Health Behavior ; Korea* ; Liver ; Parasite Egg Count ; Parasites ; Prevalence* ; Public Health ; Rivers

BACKGROUND: The role of beta2-agonist is still important to control bronchoconstriction in asthma. Polymorphisms at aminoacid positions 16 and 27 of the beta2-adrenoceptor gene are associated with asthma phenotype. Glu 27 allele is associated with negatively with bronchial hyperresponsiveness(BHR) in asthmatic subjects and Gln 27 allele is associated positively with IgE levels, and Gly16 Gln27 haplotype is suggested to be positively associated with BHR in a population study. And Gly16 Gln27 haplotypes are positively associated with nocturnal cough in atopic subjects. To evaluate the association between beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms as asthmatic phenotypes, the frequency of beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphsisms at 2 sites(Arg16->Gly 16 and Gln 27 -> Glu 27) were examined in asthmatic and normal children. METHODS: Ninty nine asthmatic children and seventy three normal children were enrolled. Asthma phenotypes were determined by physician and bronchial responsiveness and genotypes of beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms were determined with PCR based methods. RESULTS: The polymorphisms at aminoacid 16 and 27 of beta2-adrenoceptor gene was not different between asthmatic and normal children. The haplotype frequency of aminoacid 16 and 27 polymorphisms of beta2-adrenoceptor gene was not different between asthmatic and normal children. Haplotypes of aminoacid 16 and 27 was not associated with total eosinophil count, eosinophil %, and total IgE in asthmatic children. Haplotypes of aminoacid 16 and 27 was not associated with PC20, and response of FEV1 after beta2-agonist in asthmatic children. CONCLUSION: beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms is not associated with the expression of asthma, atopy, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and response to beta2-agonist in Korean children.
Alleles ; Asthma ; Bronchoconstriction ; Child* ; Cough ; Eosinophils ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Korea* ; Phenotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis is one of the common causes of acute infectious diarrhea, but most of them remain unrecognized by routine microbiologic examination. Its clinical manifestations are watery diarrhea, malaise, fever and abdominal pain. The clinical course is self-limited in majority of cases. However cases of Campylobacter jejuni infections as cholecystitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis or cystitis have been infrequently reported. Moreover, reactive arthritis, hepatitis, interstitial nephritis or hemolytic uremic syndrome rarely develops in Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis. We experienced a patient with Campylobacter jejuni enterocolitis, who had shown complex clinical features manifested by pancreatitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. We reported the case with literature reviews.
Abdominal Pain ; Arthritis, Reactive ; Campylobacter jejuni* ; Campylobacter* ; Cholecystitis ; Cystitis ; Diarrhea ; Enterocolitis* ; Fever ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome* ; Hepatitis ; Humans ; Nephritis, Interstitial ; Pancreatitis* ; Peritonitis

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a stress-management program on stress coping methods, interpersonal relations and quality of life in patients with chronic mental illness. METHODS: A nonequivalent control group pre-posttest design was used for this quasi-experimental study. The study was conducted from May 1 to December 30, 2010. The 41 participants in this study were selected from patients with chronic mental illness (20 for the experimental group and 21 for the control group). Datas were analyzed chi2-test, t-test, paired t-test, and one-way ANCOVA with the SPSS/WIN 15.0 program. RESULTS: There were significant changes in stress coping methods scores, interpersonal relations scores and quality of life scores in the experimental group before and after treatment, which were significantly different from those in the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that the stress-management program resulted in significant improvement in stress coping methods, interpersonal relations and quality of life for patients with chronic mental illness. Therefore, this study shows stress-management programs are useful in clinical practice as effective nursing interventions in patients with chronic mental illness.
Humans ; Interpersonal Relations* ; Nursing ; Quality of Life*

OBJECTIVES: The prognosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage often depends on initial neurologic condition, size and location of hemorrhage and associated intraventricular hemorrhage. However, age of patient, coagulation state and other associated vascular diseases may also play a role when present. In recent years, the geriatric population has been increasing. The age distribution of the patients with intracerebral hemorrhages also has been increased, accordingly. However, such patients, especially when associated with poor initial conditions often tend to be managed rather conservatively. The authors analyzed retrospectively on forty-five patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage over the seventies with poor initial condition to find out whether there exists a difference of outcome between surgery and non-surgery group. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 45 patients over seventies with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage with Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) 4-8 treated over last six years were included. The validity of surgical management for these patients as well as clinical variables which might have been operated on the outcome of these patients were evaluated. The Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS) after three months was used for comparison of outcome. RESULTS: In surgical group(19 cases), mean age was 74.5 years old, mean hematoma volume 67.2ml and mean GCS score 5.7 points. In nonsurgical group(26 cases), mean age was 79.3 years old, mean hematoma volume 32.1ml, and mean GCS score 6.8 points. Mortality rate in surgical group was 47.4%(9 patients), including 2 cases of post-operative rebleeding, while that in nonsurgical group was 46.2%. However, when patients with initial GCS 4-6 points and over 30ml in hematoma volume were regrouped, mortality rate in surgical group was 46.2%, whereas mortality rate in nonsurgical group was 66.7%. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the mortality rate is much low in surgery group with initial GCS less than 6 points and hematoma volume over 30cc. There was no significant difference of outcome in patients with basal ganglia and thalamic hemorrhage. However, surgical treatment lowered the mortality and morbidity rate in patients with subcortical and cerebellar hemorrhage.
Age Distribution ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Coma ; Geriatrics ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Mortality ; Prognosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Vascular Diseases