With the ability to enhance the vaccine potency and efficacy significantly, adjuvants are the key focus in the field of vaccine research and development. However, during the research and development process, studies on adjuvant screening,characterization, formulation, quality, and other aspects are often overlooked. This paper reviews the research and development history and current status of representative adjuvants in approved prophylactic vaccines, expounds the benefits provided by adjuvants and the mechanisms, as well as the general principles and different characteristics followed by different types of adjuvants in vaccine development and application. From the perspectives of development and regulation,this paper puts forward relevant thoughts and suggestions on adjuvant type screening, vaccine antigen optimization, adjuvant and vaccine formulation research, etc., aiming to provide references for improving the safety, effectiveness, and stability in the research and development process of vaccines with adjuvants.

Recombinant poliovirus vaccines, such as virus-like particle(VLP) vaccine, may play a key role in the future Global Polio Eradication Initiative(GPEI) because of its advantages of no live virus risk and high biological safety. Compared with traditional oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV) and inactivated poliovirus vaccine(IPV), recombinant poliovirus vaccines have potential in avoiding virus leakage risk and improving thermal stability, but face new challenges in antigen design and quality control. Currently, many manufacturers have carried out related research and development, but their pharmaceutical strategies need to be optimized according to VLP characteristics. In this paper, in terms of the key points in the research and development of recombinant poliovirus vaccines, such as virus strain selection(such as wild strain. Sabin strain), antigen design(such as VP protein modification), preparation optimization(such as D antigen stability), and quality control(such as VLP granularity analysis), systematic considerations and suggestions are put forward in order to provide scientific basis for the development of the new generation vaccines, accelerate the marketing process, and help the world achieve the goal of eradicating poliomyelitis.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18 F-FDG PET/CT) and bone marrow biopsy (BMB) have high consistency in the detection of lymphoma bone marrow infiltration (BMI).18F-FDG PET/CT has a high sensitivity to Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) BMI,while the sensitivity of indolent NHL is low.Since 18F-FDG PET/CT may appears false positive or false negative,so it can not replace the conventional BMB.We can carry out a BMB under the guidance of 18F-FDG PET/CT,which can greatly improve the detection rate of BMI.

With the increasing incidences of pancreatic diseases and the rapid development in techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lately, superiorities of MRI are obvious. This article reviewed MRI depictions of pancreatic diseases, their values in diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and clinical application of MRI in this field.

Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA) is a group of functional RNA molecules, which is more than 200 nucleotides in length and lacks ability of encoding protein. The current study indicates that the abnormal expression of lncRNA is closely related with breast cancer progression. Some lncRNA takes part in regulating the process of breast cancer invasion and metastasis. This article reviews the abnormal expression of lncRNA in breast cancer and the relevance with breast cancer invasion and metastasis, which is expected to provide new strategy for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To determine the prevalence of sleep disorders and related symptoms of 1 0 years old children in Baoshan Dachang area of Shanghai.Methods From September 201 4 to June 201 5,1 01 6 children at the age of ten were randomly selected and information was collected by using a parent -completed questionnaire to ascer-tain in sleep disorders and related symptoms.Results The prevalence of sleep disturbances in 1 01 6 childrens was 53.5 %,included active 1 6.9%,inattention 1 3.0%,allergic rhinitis 1 2.8%,poor academic performance 1 2.4%, poor learn ablity 1 2.4%,too much sweat at night 8.7%,irritable and slapstick 8.5%,muoth breathing 6.7%,repeat respiratory infection 5.5%,tired easily in the day 5.3%,tousillar hypertrophy 4.7%,growth retardation 3.9%, aweeks at night and sleep terrors 3.4%,anorexia 3.4%,night sleep snoring 2.8%,nasosinusitis 2.6%,bronchial asthma 1 .6%.326 boys in the 502 sleep disorder related symptoms,accounted for 64.9%,21 8 girls in the 51 4 sleep disorder related symptoms,accounted for 42.4%.It was under high prevalence of sleep disorders in male and female children(χ2 =51 .81 5,P <0.01 ).According to BMI,these children were divided into four groups.To compare the incidence of sleep disturbance associated symptoms in children with different BMI.Lean group of children in apnea, aweeks at night and sleep terrors,growth retardation of the occurrence rate was higher,compared to all other groups among children with significant difference.Conclusion At present,it is under high prevalence of sleep disorders and related symptoms at the age 1 0 children in Baoshan Dachang area of Shanghai,which the doctors in Department of ENT and related departments and parents should pay high attention.To develop a good sleep habit of children can help to reduce the occurrence of sleep disorders.

During 2 months from December 1979 to January 1980, Medical practitioners in chonnam province were grouped into Si (city), Eup(town) and Myun (rural area) groups according to the locations of their clinic. 40 practitioners were randomly selected in each group and were asked their opinions about rural medical care in general. Total of 88 practitioners replied to the question as 73.3 percent of response rate in average. The most frequently mentioned advantages of rural practice were ease of clinic opening in Si-and Myun-group respondents and good social relationship in Eup-group respondents. The most frequently mentioned disadvantages were medical isolation in Si-group respondents and resident's ignorance in medicine in Eup-and Myun-group respondents. In all groups, most respondents though that rural medicine care should be delivered by and controled by physician. Suggestions made by Eup-and Myun-group respondents for improving rural medical care by structural change focused on the regional medical insurance system, while Si-group respondents noted district hospital or hospital linkage as most preferable system.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Hospitals, District ; Insurance ; Jeollanam-do

TXB_2 and 6-keto-PGF_(1?) levels of arterial and venous plasma in Wistar and4 Hilltep rats were measured to investigate the roles of TXA_2 and PGI_2 in the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction(HPV) and responsiveness difference of pulmonary vessels to hypoxia between different strains of rats. The results showed that PGI_2 might play an important role in maintaining the low resistance of pulmonary circulation in these two strains of rats. TXA, increased during hypoxia might partially mediate HPV in Hilltop rats, on the contrary, PGI_2 augmented during hypoxia might modulate HPV in Wistar rats. This might be the major methanism responsible for the more intensive responsiveness of pulmonary vessels to hypoxia in Hilltop than in Wistar rats.