Nineteen stocks of Trypanosoma cruzi originating from several endemic countries for Chagas‘ disease in Central and South America were subjected to two-dimensional protein electrophoresis analysis. The presence or absence of a total of492polypeptide spots among19gel profiles was determined. The stocks were classified into three major distinctive groups derived from (I) Central America and the northern part of South America; (IIa) Central America and the northern part of South America; and (IIb) central and southern parts of South America, which showed perfect concordance with the previously reported classification based on isozyme and DNA sequence analyses. Late log phase of each epimastigote was inoculated to human cell lines WI-38and Hs224.T originating from the lung and muscle, respectively, and the number of trypomastigotes released was counted. The number of trypomastigotes from T. cruzi in group I released from the two cell lines was significantly higher than that in group III (p&It;0.05). The findings suggested that the phenetic distance appearing within the T. cruzi may, to some extent, be associated with the intracellular growth of T. cruzi, one of the characteristic features of growth found in the species.

Objective To analyze the tendency of hospital based surveillance incidence rates of birth defects in Guangdong province to provide reference evidence for related intervention program. Methods Data from hospital based birth defects surveillance of Guangdong province during 1997-2007 were analyzed retrospectively. Results The overall surveillance rates of birth defects in Guangdong province showed an increasing trend form 98.9 per 10 000 birth in 1997 to 244.2 per 10 000 birth in 2007. Among the frequently seen birth defects, the rate of congenital heart diseases increased sharply, but the rates of congenital talipes equinovarus, polydactyly, cleft lip with/without cleft palate showed a slight increasing trend.It seemed that there was a significant difference between different maternal age interval and gender of the infants. Mother's illness, drug use, and exposure to environment harmful factors in early pregnancy stage, high maternal age, negative bearing history were the suspect risk factors for birth defects. Conclusion The increasing trend of surveillance rate of birth defects seemed to be comprehensively affected by the factors as: method being adopted, target and extension of birth defects surveillance, technology used for diagnosis, kinds of risk factor,and quality control on surveillance programs.

PURPOSE: Choledochoduodenal fistula (CDF) is an extremely rare condition even in the most populous nations. However, diagnostic tools are inadequate for the young surgeon to be made aware of such a rare condition before surgery. Hence, basic understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and management for this unusual but discoverable condition are necessary and essential. METHODS: The exclusive case reports of CDF, which were published from 1983 to 2014 concerning mainland Chinese people, were performed to review the epidemiology, etiology, and management. RESULTS: A total of 728 cases were incorporated into this review among 48 papers. More than half of the CDF cases were female (416) with an average age of 57.3 years. CDF was usually caused by cholelithiasis (573 of 728). Epigastric pain (589 of 728) and cholangitis (395 of 728) were the most common symptoms of CDF. CDF was usually detected and confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (475 of 728) in Mainland China. The fistulas larger than 1 cm (82 of 654) were recommended for surgical biliary reconstruction. Fistulas between 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm (467 of 654) which were followed frequently by cholangitis attacks also required surgery; the rest were recommended to have stone removal and/or the application of an effective biliary drainage. Fistulas less than 0.5 cm (105 of 654) were usually received conservative therapy. CONCLUSION: CDF should be considered in differential diagnosis of recurrent epigastric pain and cholangitis. A possible ERCP should be arranged to investigate carefully. Depending on the size of fistula and clinical presentation, different programs for CDF are indicated, ranging from drug therapy to choledochojejunostomy.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biliary Fistula ; China* ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Choledochostomy ; Cholelithiasis ; Diagnosis* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Disease Management ; Drainage ; Drug Therapy ; Epidemiology* ; Female ; Fistula* ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo observe the efficacy and safety of Danlong Oral Liquid (DOL) combined Western medicine (WM) in treating mild-to-moderate bronchial asthma patients (heat wheezing syndrome) at acute onset.

METHODSTotally 480 mild-to-moderate bronchial asthma patients (heat wheezing syndrome) at acute onset were randomly assigned to two groups in the ratio 3:1, the treatment group (360 cases) and the control group (120 cases). All patients received basic WM treatment. Patients in the treatment group took DOL, 10 mL each time, 3 times per day for 7 days in total, while those in the control group took Kechuanning Oral Liquid (KOL) , 10 mL each time, 3 times per day for 7 days in total. Efficacy for asthma symptoms, lung functions and scores of TCM syndrome and/or main symptoms were evaluated.

RESULTSThe percentage of clinical control and significant effectiveness of asthma symptoms in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (77.36% vs 56.07%, P < 0.01). The percentage of clinical control and significant effectiveness of lung functions in the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group (74.28% vs 50.00%, P < 0.01). The anterior-posterior difference in scores of TCM syndrome was significantly superior in the treatment group than in the control group (-11.26 ± 4.70 vs -9.21 ± 5.09, P < 0.01). The anterior-posterior difference in scores of main symptoms was significantly better in the treatment group than in the control group (-6.58 ± 3.08 vs -5.16 ± 3.45, P < 0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group [1.73% (6/346 cases) vs 10.17% (12/118 cases) , P < 0.05].

CONCLUSIONDOL combined WM was superior to KOL in treating mild-to-moderate bronchial asthma patients (heat wheezing syndrome) at acute onset.

Anti-Asthmatic Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; Biomedical Research ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Lung ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phytotherapy ; Respiratory Sounds ; Syndrome

It was completely collected and summarized the teaching history and the relevant historical materials of Professor YANG Zhao-min via consulting the literatures, investigation, interview, etc. in this paper. The summaries indicated that from the beginning of running a school, Professor YANG Zhao-min adhered to the CHENG's moral, worked hard and successfully explored and practiced the training pattern of teaching tour for the personnel training of acupuncture and moxibustion. He established the specialty of acupuncture and moxibustion, formatted courses and inherited the feature of practice teaching. He was in charge of the compilation of textbook and engaged in scientific innovation. He inherited the past and forged ahead into the future and had made the decision to cultivate the personnel of acupuncture and moxibustion. Professor YANG Zhao-min had practiced and developed the modern educational thought from the CHENG Dan-an and had made the important contribution to the training of acupuncture and moxibustion professionals.
Acupuncture ; education ; instrumentation ; Acupuncture Therapy ; China ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Moxibustion

The comparative study of bloodletting therapy between traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine in view of history development, theoretic basis, bloodletting location, bloodletting tool, operation method, bloodletting amount, indications, contraindications and the others are conducted in this paper. It is pointed out that the bloodletting therapy could be better carried forward and developed through the interaction and integration of bloodletting therapy between traditional Chinese medicine and Tibetan medicine in term of the theoretic, practical and development patterns under the guidance of these two different medical theoretical systems.
Bloodletting ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; instrumentation ; methods ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; instrumentation ; methods

OBJECTIVETo analyze the global gene expression profile of primary cultured nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells using cDNA microarray techniques to screen new candidate genes related to the occurrence and progression of NPC.

METHODSA NPC cell line C666 and primary cultured NPC cells from biopsy specimens in 5 cases were analyzed with microarray techniques in comparison with 3 normal nasopharyngeal epithelial (NPE) biopsy specimens. Several differentially expressed genes identified from the microarray results were verified by fluorescence real-time PCR (FQ-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC).

RESULTSPrimary cultured cells of both NPC and NPE were verified by cytokeratin IHC, EBER1 in situ hybridization and EBV-DNA real-time PCR. Compared with NPE cells, a total of 493 genes in at least 4/6 of the samples were identified to be differentially expressed in the primary cultured NPC cells, including 264 up-regulated and 229 down-regulated ones. Several differentially expressed genes according to the microarray results were confirmed by real-time PCR and IHC.

CONCLUSIONcDNA microarray technique provides an effective and accurate means for global gene expression profiling of primary cultured NPC cells to screen the differentially expressed genes, which may serve as an important basis for studying the mechanism, classification and diagnosis of NPC at the molecular level.

Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association of B cell-specific MLV integration site-1 (Bmi-1) mRNA expression level with the differentiation, metastasis and prognosis of gastric carcinoma.

METHODSTissue specimens were obtained from 42 patients undergoing surgery for gastric carcinomas. Reverse transcriptional PCR (RT-PCR) was performed for amplification of Bmi-1 mRNA from the 42 tumor tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues, and the differential Bmi-1 mRNA expression was analyzed for its association with the clinical manifestations of the patients.

RESULTSBmi-1 mRNA expression was detected in all the gastric carcinoma tissues and normal tissues adjacent to the carcinoma using fluorescence method, and in 29 cases, Bmi-1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the tumor tissues than in the adjacent tissues. Expression of Bmi-1 mRNA was highly correlated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and T classification (P<0.05), but not with the patients' gender, age, or tumor differentiation (P>0.05). The survival rate was much lower in patients positive for Bmi-1 mRNA expression than in those without Bmi-1 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONSBmi-1 mRNA expression is correlated to differentiation and metastasis of gastric carcinoma and may facilitate its prognostic evaluation. Bmi-1 may serve as a marker for assessing the progression of gastric carcinoma and provide assistance for clinical therapeutic decisions.

Cell Differentiation ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; genetics ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Repressor Proteins ; genetics ; Stomach Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; genetics ; pathology

BACKGROUNDPoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) plays an important role in cell survival and death. However, the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the effect of inhibition of PARP on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at different time points in rats.

METHODSAMI was induced in rats by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. One group received 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB, a kind of PARP inhibitor) (30 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. The changes of ultramicrostructure of cardiocytes in infarction region were noted, PARP cleavage was measured by Western blotting, and expressions of protein of PARP and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were measured by immunohistochemical staining after treatment with 3-AB for 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 1 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks.

RESULTSFew damages to the ultramicrostructure of cardiocytes were observed after treatment with 3-AB. PARP cleavage was detected as early as 4 hours and markedly increased by 6 hours following AMI without 3-AB, but was not found until 6 hours following AMI treated with 3-AB. There were significant differences between 3-AB and AMI groups at the same time points. The expression of PARP was observed gradually increased, but that of AIF was suppressed for 6 hours after treatment of 3-AB, compared with AMI groups in positive cells at the same time points. There was significantly less cleavage of PARP and more PARP expression in 3-AB treated group compared with AMI and control groups at all matched time points.

CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that 3-AB inhibits degradation of PARP, increases the expression of PARP protein, and suppresses the expression of AIF protein. Inhibition of PARP activity may protect cardiocytes in rats with AMI and reduce apoptosis.

Animals ; Apoptosis Inducing Factor ; metabolism ; Benzamides ; pharmacokinetics ; Blotting, Western ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Myocardial Infarction ; metabolism ; prevention & control ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Plague ; epidemiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies