Objective: To understand the characteristics of HIV infected persons without long term disease progress [also known as long term non-progressors (LTNPs)], and related factors in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi). Methods: Data of persons living with HIV and receiving no antiretroviral therapy in Guangxi by the end of 2016 were collected from the national HIV/AIDS comprehensive control and prevention information system of China. Results: By the end of 2016, there were 313 LTNPs in Guangxi, accounting for 2.3% of those being reported for more than 10 years, 5.4% of those being reported for more than 10 years and surviving, and 26.6% of those being reported for more than 10 years, surviving and receiving no antiretroviral therapy. Among the LTNPs, 87.2%(273) were men, 94.9% (297) were aged ≤ 40 years, 32.3% (101) were farmers, 55.6% (174) were single, divorced or widowed, 69.3% (217) were of Han ethnic group, 68.1% (213) were injecting drug users, and 52.1% (163) were from custody facilities. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that factors associated with delayed disease progression included age ≤40 years (compared with age >40 years, aOR=1.55, 95%CI: 1.31-3.12) and injection drug use (compared with sexual transmission, aOR=1.23, 95%CI: 1.10-1.74). Conclusions: A number of LTNPs existed in HIV-infected individuals in Guangxi. Further research are needed to identify the related factors, and it is necessary to conduct large sample size studies on host immunology, genetics and the virology of HIV to explore the related mechanism.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; China/epidemiology* ; Drug Users/statistics & numerical data* ; Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data* ; HIV Infections/ethnology* ; Humans ; Male ; Socioeconomic Factors

Biofuel is in high demand as an alternative energy source for petroleum and diesel. Fatty acid-based biofuel has higher energy density and better compatibility with existing infrastructures. Microbial fatty acid biosynthetic pathway is important to develop biofuel. In this article, recent progresses on the modification and reconstruction of fatty acid metabolism for the production of biofuel were reviewed, with a focus on micro-diesel, long chain fatty alcohol and alkane. Problems, solutions and directions for further development of fatty acid-based biofuel were also discussed in the respect of synthetic biology.
Alkanes ; metabolism ; Bacteria ; genetics ; metabolism ; Biofuels ; Fatty Acids ; metabolism ; Fatty Alcohols ; metabolism ; Fungi ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetics ; metabolism

AIMTo study and compare the excitation-contraction coupling triggered by L-type calcium current and by reverse-mode Na/Ca exchange during depolarizing steps in single guinea-pig ventricular myocytes.

METHODSWhole-cell membrane-potential, membrane-current and cell-shortening data were simultaneously acquired during whole-cell voltage clamp protocols. Voltage clamp pulses elicited ICa(L) at + 10 mV, + 50 mV, + 100 mV and evoked contractions in myocytes superfused with Tyrode's solution at 35 degrees C.

RESULTSThe greater the inhibition of I(Ca(L)), the more likely contractions would be abolished at +10 mV test potential. There was a correlation between them. At potential positive to + 50 mV, contractions were partially suppressed by Nif 100 micromol/L or Nif 30 micromol/L plus Cd2+30 micromol/L. The residual contraction was significantly delayed in onset. At +100 mV test potential, contractions were delayed in onset compare to + 50 mV and resistant to Nif 100 micromol/L or Nif 30 micromol/L plus Cd2+30 micromol/L. The residual contraction was completely blocked by Ni2+ at + 50 mV and + 100 mV.

CONCLUSIONSI(Ca(L)) is the major trigger for excitation-contraction coupling. Na/Ca exchange modulates excitation-contraction coupling as both reverse and forward mode.

Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Calcium Channels, L-Type ; metabolism ; Cell Line ; Guinea Pigs ; Heart Ventricles ; cytology ; Myocardial Contraction ; physiology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; cytology ; metabolism ; physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Sodium ; metabolism ; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger ; physiology

Background: Identifying patients who may be at high risk for wound complications postsarcoma resection and reconstruction is essential for improving functional outcomes and quality of life. Currently, the effect of timing on sarcoma reconstruction has been poorly investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of delayed and immediate reconstruction in the setting of sarcoma resection requiring flap reconstruction in the lower extremity. Methods: A retrospective review of the senior author’s sarcoma reconstruction patients from January 2005 to July 2017 was completed. All patients undergoing flap reconstruction of the lower extremity were included. Complications in the early postoperative period were compared between delayed and immediate reconstructive procedures. Results: A total of 32 patients (7 delayed, 25 immediate) were included in this study. There was a significantly increased rate of overall complications (100% vs. 28.0%, P=0.001) and rate of hematomas (28.6% vs. 0.0%, P=0.042) in the delayed reconstruction group. Other complications including dehiscence, seroma, infection, venous thrombosis, and total/partial flap loss were also increased in the delayed reconstruction group, but this was not considered to be significant. Conclusions This study suggests that delayed reconstruction following sarcoma resection of the lower extremity had a higher incidence of overall complications and hematoma formation. We emphasize the importance of early plastic and reconstructive surgeon referral and the necessity to closely monitor delayed reconstruction patients for complications.

Objective: To understand the status, attitude and related risk factors on smoking among 18-65 years old patients with hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma in Beijing. Methods: Data was gathered from the 2014 Beijing Non-communicable and Chronic Disease Surveillance Program. Multiple classified cluster sampling method was used and 19 815 participants aged 18-65 were sampled from 16 districts in Beijing. Results: Among all the 18 405 participants, male hypertensive patients showed a higher rate on current smoking than the other groups (χ(2)=17.695, P<0.001). Male patients with dyslipidemia had higher current smoking rate than the other groups (χ(2)=39.292, P<0.001). However, female patients with COPD or with asthma showed higher rate on current smoking than the other groups (χ(2)=6.276, P=0.012), (χ(2)=8.245, P=0.004). Among the smokers, hypertensive patients presented lower rate (χ(2)=20.487, P<0.001) on intention of smoking concession, than the other groups. Patients with COPD showed greater intention in quitting smoking (χ(2)=6.085, P=0.048), than the other groups. Male patients with diabetes (χ(2)=9.219, P=0.010) or dyslipidemia (χ(2)=13.513, P=0.001) who had stopped smoking tobacco appeared having higher rates in keeping the current status. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that smoking was the risk factor for hypertension (OR=1.17), dyslipidemia (OR=1.25), COPD (OR=1.78), and asthma (OR=1.57). Conclusions: Patients with certain kinds of chronic diseases showed higher rate of current smoking and lower rate of quitting. Cigarette consumption appeared an important risk factor for patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, COPD, or asthma in Beijing.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asthma/epidemiology* ; Beijing/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Intention ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Smokers ; Smoking/psychology* ; Smoking Cessation ; Nicotiana/adverse effects*

Objective:To explore the distribution of pathogen and the characteristics of drug resistance in gerontal patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)accompanied by pulmonary infection,so as to provide the basis for rational usage of antibiotics.Methods:The sputum of 512 gerontal patients with COPD accompanied by pulmonary infection was collected for bacteria culture.The pathogenic distribution and drug sensitivity were analyzed.Results:There were 278 positive samples, with the positive rate of 54.3%.Of them,204 strains were gram-negative bacteria,including Pseudomonas (62 strains, 22.3%),Klebsiella (44 strains,15.8%),Haemophilus influenza (38 strains,13.7%),Enteric bacilli (34 strains,12.2%), and Acinetobacter (26 strains,9.4%).And 66 strains were gram-positive bacteria,including Staphylococcus aureus (32 strains,11.5%),Streptococcus pneumoniae (22 strains,7.9%),Enterococcus (12 strains,4.3%).Eight strains were fungi, including Candida albicans (6 strains,2.2%)and Yeast-like fungi (2 strains,0.7%).The rate of gram-negative bacteria was significantly higher than those of gram-positive bacteria and fungi(P <0.01).Gram-negative bacilli were most sensitive to mer-openem and imipenem,while they showed strongest drug resistance to ampicillin/sulbactam and amoxicillin.Gram-positive cocci were most sensitive to vancomycin and doxycycline,while they showed strong drug resistance to penicillin,erythromycin,clinda-mycin,levofloxacin,etc.The fungus had no resistance to flucytosine and fluconazole,ltraconazole and amphotericin B.Conclu-sions:The gerontal patients with COPD accompanied by pulmonary infection are mostly affected with gram-negative bacteria, which have high levels of resistance to antibiotics.According to experience,it is appropriate to choose the third and fourth generation cephalosporins or the compound antibiotics containing beta lactamase inhibitor for empiric treatment.

OBJECTIVESTo perform GIS spatial analysis on malaria transmission patterns in Jiangsu after setting up a malaria database and developing GIS model of malaria transmission in Jiangsu province.

METHODSThe epidemiological GIS database of malaria in Jiangsu province was established using ArcView 3.0a software. The climate data covering Jiangsu province and its peripheral area were extracted from the FAOCLIM database, the total growing degree days (TGDD) for Plasmodium vivax were calculated, and spatial distribution for TGDD was analyzed by ArcVeiw 3.0a.

RESULTSThe predicted malaria distribution map based on TGDD was created, which showed that the transmission of malaria decreased gradually from west to east, which can be divided into three belts according to the degree of transmission. The 14-year mean morbidity distribution map of malaria in Jiangsu showed that the middle and west parts of Jiangsu is the most serious endemic area. The morbidity in the areas along the Taihu valley, such as Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou, as well as Nantong and a few of northern counties are the lowest. The morbidity of other places is at the middle level. The 14-year mean morbidity distribution map of malaria is correlated with predicted malaria distribution map for TGDD.

CONCLUSIONIt is possible to monitor the malaria transmission by GIS predicted model based on TGDD.

China ; epidemiology ; Databases, Bibliographic ; Geographic Information Systems ; Humans ; Malaria ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Models, Biological

Objective: To understand prevalence and transmission of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) among HIV infected men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin from 2014 to 2017. Methods: A total of 225 blood samples were collected from HIV infected MSM in Tianjin from 2014 to 2017. Pol gene fragments were obtained by viral RNA extraction and nested PCR amplification. Phylogenetic and drug resistance analyses were conducted. Results: A total of 205 samples were successfully sequenced and analyzed. Based on pol sequences, 53.2% (109/205), 28.8% (59/205), 10.2% (21/205), 4.9% (10/205) and 2.9% (6/205) of the samples were positive for HIV subtypes CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, B, CRF55_01B and unique recombinant forms (URFs). Twenty transmission clusters, including 75 sequences, were identified and 62.5% (10/16) of sequences with TDR were in 5 clusters. The prevalence of TDR was 7.8% between 2014 and 2017. The annual prevalence rate increased from 3.9% (2/51) in 2014, 5.7% (3/53) in 2015, 9.6% (5/52) in 2016 to 12.2%(6/49) in 2017, the difference was not significant (χ(2)=2.504, P=0.127). CRF01_AE and B strains had high TDR prevalence (3.4%, 7/205) and (2.9%, 6/205), respectively. The TDR mutation was mainly NNRTIs, the TDR prevalence was 6.3% (13/205). In contract, the TDR prevalence of NRTIs and PIs were 1.5% (3/205) and 1.0% (2/205) respectively. Conclusion: Results from this study suggested that the prevalence of HIV-1 TDR strains in MSM was serious in Tianjin. It is necessary to take effective prevention and control measures.
China ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics* ; Genes, pol ; Genotype ; HIV Infections/transmission* ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics* ; HIV Seropositivity/genetics* ; HIV-1/isolation & purification* ; Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data* ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; RNA, Viral/genetics* ; pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics*

Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms/pathology*

The effect of the menstrual cycle on the diurnal cortisol rhythm was investigated in 15 normally cyclic healthy women during reproductive life. Salivary cortisol was measured by radioimmunoassay in samples collected every 2 h for 24 h during the four phases of the menstrual cycle: menstrual phase, late follicular/peri-ovulation phase, early to mid luteal phase and late luteal phase, respectively. Distinct diurnal rhythms of free cortisol were found throughout the menstrual cycle by using a nonlinear periodic regression model. The model was characterized by an asymmetrically peaked diurnal cycle and ultradian harmonics. There was a trend to higher troughs and significantly shorter peak-width in phase II and phase IV compared to phase I. The ultradian amplitude in phase IV was significantly lower compared with phase I and showed a trend of decrease compared with phase II. The results suggest that the daily cortisol secretion is modulated by the phase of the menstrual cycle.
Adult ; Circadian Rhythm ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; secretion ; Luteal Phase ; Menstrual Cycle ; Radioimmunoassay ; Salvia ; metabolism