Objective To study the method for the isolation and purification of islets from adult pig.Methods Islets were isolated using digestion by ductal injection of collagenase,and purified by centrifugation on Nycodenz gradients.Results From each organ,(397 000±185 963)islets,corresponding to (9 860±3 043)islets per gram of pancreas,were obtained.After purification the recovery was (148 000±89 000)islets/pancreas(3 750±493)islets per gram of pancreas;the purity of the final preparation was ＞95%.The culture of the islets in vitro confirmed the viable cells.Conclusions The islets produced by this method could provide a possible source of purified,physically functional graft for dinical transplantation.

Objective: To understand the current situation on management of diabetes mellitus patients aged 35 and above in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, in China. Methods: Local residents, aged 18 years and above were randomly selected by a complex, multistage, probability sampling method. Face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out between November and December 2016. Rates regarding prevalence, treatment and management of diabetes were calculated, and influencing factors of diabetes were analyzed by using the non-conditional logistic regression model. Results: A total of 3 213 residents aged ≥35 years were included in this study, of which 11.48% (369/3 213) reported that they had ever been informed by a doctor or other health worker that their blood sugar level was high or being diabetic. The rate of self-reported treatment among the diabetic patients was 83.20% (307/369). Rates on overall management and standardized management were 69.92% (258/369) and 53.66% (198/369), respectively. Higher rates were seen in residents aged 55 to 64 years, 76.32% for overall management and 59.65% for standardized management. Through multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that standardized management for diabetes was much higher in the Demonstration Areas located in the eastern areas (OR=2.942, 95%CI: 1.547-5.594), or patients with characteristics including high implementation score (OR=3.499, 95%CI: 1.865-6.563), already signed family doctors (OR=5.661, 95%CI: 3.237-9.899), or without hypertension (OR=1.717, 95%CI: 1.010- 2.920). Residents who were living in the first and second batch areas of implementation or responding to the NCDs with positive attitude were more likely to accept standardized management. Conclusion: Prevention and management programs on diabetes had met the requirements set for the Demonstration Areas which had promoted the specific implementation and further development of standardized management on diabetes.
Adult ; Aged ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; China/epidemiology* ; Diabetes Mellitus/therapy* ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology* ; Logistic Models ; Middle Aged ; Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control* ; Population Surveillance ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Self Care ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVESTo investigate patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for TEL/AML1 fusion, BCR/ABL fusion, MLL gene rearrangements, and numerical changes of chromosomes 4, 10, 17 and 21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and to determine the relationship and the significance of those findings.

METHODSFifty-one American patients (34 men and 17 women) were included in this study. Of them there were 41 patients with pro-B cell type ALL, 9 with B cell type ALL and 1 with T cell type ALL. Chromosome metaphases of each sample were prepared according to standard protocols. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using commercially available DNA probes, including whole chromosome painting probes, locus specific probes, specific chromosome centromere probes and dual color/multiple color translocation fusion probes. The digital image analysis was carried out using Cytovision and Quips FISH programs.

RESULTSAn overall incidence of chromosomal anomalies, including t (9;22), MLL gene rearrangements, t (12;21), and numerical chromosomal anomalies of chromosomes 4, 10, 17 and 21 was found in 33 patients (65%). Thirty-one of them were pediatric patients and two adults. The t (12;21) was the commonest chromosomal anomaly detected in this population; 14 out of the 45 pediatric patients (31%) were positive for TEL/AML1 fusion, among which three had an additional derivative 21 [t (12;21)], four had a deletion of 12p and two had an extra copy of chromosome 21. All 14 patients with positive TEL/AML1 fusion had ALL pre-B cell or B-cell lineage according to standard immunotyping. The percentage of cells with fusion signals ranged from 20% to 80%. All fourteen patients positive for TEL/AML1 gene fusion were mosaic. Three out of the 14 patients positive for the TEL/AML1 gene fusion were originally reported to be culture failures and none of the remaining eleven samples had been found to have chromosome 12 abnormalities by conventional cytogenetic techniques. All pediatric patients with pre-T or T cell lineage and the six adults were negative for TEL/AML1 fusion. One patient had double Philadelphia chromosomes, three had a rearrangement or a deletion of the MLL gene, one had t (4;11) and two had a deletion of the MLL. One of the patients with an MLL deletion also had a large ring of chromosome 21, and r (21) was caused by AML1 gene tandemly duplicated at least five times. The second case with the MLL deletion was also unique, the patient had a t (12;21) as well. A total of 20 patients had numerical changes (gain or loss) of chromosomes 4, 10, 17 and 21. Eight patients were found to have trisomies of three or four different chromosomes. Interestingly, seven of these patients did not have TEL/AML1, BCR/ABL or the MLL gene rearrangement; one did have the TEL/AML1 gene fusion. Eleven patients with pro-B cell or B cell type ALL (9 children with ALL, 2 adults with ALL) had numerical changes of chromosome 21 (gain 1 or 2 chromosome 21), among them, 10 patients had no structural alteration of chromosome 21, and one was combined by t (12; 21). Four patients had a monosomy of chromosome 17 and three out of these patients with monosomy 17 also had a fusion signal of TEL/AML1.

CONCLUSIONSFISH plays an important role in detecting chromosome changes, especially in some cryptic chromosome translocations and patients with culture failures. This study found a trend towards a division between patients who had structural changes such as t (12;21) or a ring chromosome 21 and those who had numerical changes of chromosome 21 as well as the patients with TEL/AML1 fusion and patients with the coexistence of numerical chromosomal changes of chromosomes 4, 10 and 17. In our opinion there are two separate mechanisms which lead to the development or progression of leukemia.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Artificial Gene Fusion ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; genetics

Objective: To standardize the reporting system on hepatitis B in order to improve the quality of monitoring program in Henan province. Methods: A total of 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance were selected in Xinzheng of Zhengzhou city, Linzhou of Anyang city, Shanyang district of Jiaozuo city, Shaoling district of Luohe city, Yongcheng of Shangqiu city, Pingqiao district of Xinyang city in Henan province. Subjects under study were those reported hepatitis B cases, from 2012 to 2016. Cases diagnosed in 2011 were chosen as controls. Data on classification of hepatitis B, time that HBsAg became positive and ALT value of the cases were analyzed annually. 5 ml venous blood was collected and anti-HBc IgM confirmed test was made for those suspected acute cases on hepatitis B. Based on the 2016 data from the monitoring system, the incidence of acute hepatitis B in Henan province was estimated. Results: The number of reported hepatitis B cases had declined in 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance substantially. A total of 17 436 hepatitis B reported in 2011 but only 2 632 cases were reported in 2016, with a reduction of 84.90%(14 804/17 436) in these six monitoring sites. The number of unclassified hepatitis B cases also dropped sharply. In 2011, 36.87% of the cases were unclassified, but the figure reduced to 0.08% in 2016, from the six sites. The rate on ALT detection also gradually improved. The rate of misdiagnosis on HBV carrier from hepatitis B almost disappeared. From 2013 to 2016, 777 blood samples were collected from six pilot sites. 29.34% (228/777) of the blood samples were tested positive for anti-HBc IgM after confirmed by the hepatitis laboratory of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Conclusions: Since the development of the pilot surveillance program, the quality of reporting system on hepatitis B had been improved, as well as the accuracy of diagnosis. Rate on the accuracy of reporting on hepatitis B and the methods of testing should be improved at the monitoring sites.
China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pilot Projects ; Population Surveillance ; Sentinel Surveillance

Objective: To explore the association between the consumption of chemical fertilizers and the risk of low birth weight (LBW), to provide references for prevention programs on LBW and to improve the birth outcomes. Methods: Stratified multivariate logistic regression method was used in this study involving 153 preterm LBW infants, 179 term LBW infants and 204 normal control infants that were randomly selected from the birth monitoring data between October 2007 and September 2012 in Pingding county, Shanxi province. Associations between the risk of LBW and maternal exposure to chemical fertilizers during pregnancy were identified. A normal control group was set up to compare results between preterm and term LBW groups. Results: Totally, 18 749 infants were born between 2007 and 2012, with the total incidence rates of LBW as 48.5‰, preterm LBW as 19.4‰, and term LBW as 29.1‰. Concerning the case control study on preterm LBW, after adjustment for confounding factors, the risk of preterm LBW appeared 2.51 (95%CI: 1.05-5.99) times higher in villages with annual consumption of chemical fertilizer ≥100 tons than those villages that using chemical fertilizer less than 50 tons. No significant statistical associations were found between the amounts of household chemical fertilizer consumption and the risks of preterm LBW. Regarding the case control study on term LBW, after adjustment for confounding factors, in villages with ≥100 tons annual consumption of chemical fertilizers, the risk of term LBW was 4.03 (95%CI: 1.63-9.92) times of the risk in villages where the annal use of chemical fertilizers was less than 50 tons. There was no significant association between household consumption of chemical fertilizers and the risk of term LBW. Conclusions: Maternal exposure to chemical fertilizers during pregnancy was associated with the risk of LBW. Our findings suggested that the amount of chemical fertilizer consumption in rural areas seemed also associated with the risks of other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Women should avoid the chance of exposure to chemical fertilizers during pregnancy and the consumption of chemical fertilizers should be carefully managed.
Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects* ; Female ; Fertilizers/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Maternal Exposure ; Pregnancy ; Premature Birth/epidemiology* ; Random Allocation ; Risk Factors

The neurochemical features of the nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the porcine esophagus were investigated by means of immunohistochemical methods combined with vagotomy. Neuronal cell bodies in both the submucosal and the myenteric plexus (MP) were detected immunoreactivities for nNOS, VIP, GAL, NPY, PACAP, L-ENK, SP, 5-HT and CB, while CGRP- and SOM-immunoreactive (ir) somata were not encountered. In addition, nNOS- and CB-ir myenteric neurons constituted the separate enteric subpopulations.Double immunostainings with a general neuronal marker (PGP9.5 ) and the specific markers, such as nNOS, VIP and SP revealed (1)nNOS-ir myenteric neurons in the porcine esophagus accounted for a higher percentage (63 % ) of all esophageal intrinsic PGP9.5-ir neurons in comparison of VIP-ir (36%) and SP-ir populations (28%); (2) An increasing rostrocaudal gradient in the number of myenteric neurons per ganglion as well as a significantly higher number of enteric ganglia within both plexuses in the abdominal segment; ( 3 ) The densest nerve fibers within the esophageal musculature were VIP-/GAL-/NPY-ir, some of which also co-expressed nNOS and/or PACAP immunoreactivity. The number of L-ENK- and/or SP-ir fibers was significantly higher in lamina muscularis mucosae ( LMM ) than in tunica muscularis externa (TME). In contrast to reports in other species, CGRP-ir fibers within the porcine esophagus constituted a very limited population and were extrinsic; (4) Vagotomy experiments revealed an obvious decrease of PACAP-and 5-HT-ir nerve fibers within the MP,suggesting that these fibers originate from the vagal nerve, while these nNOS- and/or VIP-/GAL-/NPY-ir fibers innervating both the TME and the LMM did not appear to be significantly affected by the vagotomy procedure, possibly being the intrinsic origin.

Abstract: Objective To clarify the long-term evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) quasi-species in HBsAg asymptomatic carriers in Long'an county, Guangxi. Methods ELISA was used to detect serological markers of HBV. Viral loads were measured by real time PCR. HBV DNA was extracted from serum by kits. The whole HBV genome was amplified using nested PCR and amplicons were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). These sequences from NGS were analyzed by the software like Mega. Results Serum samples were collected from 9 HBsAg asymptomatic carriers in Longan County，Guangxi at 4 different time points in 2004, 2007, 2013, 2019 or 2020. A total of 23 serum samples and 309 full-length gene quasi-species sequences were obtained, with an average amount of (0.18±0.07) G sequencing data for each sample. Genotype of 55.54%(5/9) the studied subjects underwent genotype conversion during the long-term evolution process of HBV quasi-species, and the genotyping results of the phylogenetic tree in the PreS/S region are in perfect agreement with the results of the whole genome analysis; recombinant B/C, I/C were found; the Sn ranged from 0 to 0.37 and the genetic diversity ranged from 0 to 0.11, respectively. A total of 21 special single nucleotide/amino acid mutations (7 in the S region, 2 in the X region, 3 in the PreC region and 9 in the BCP region) and 6 deletion mutations were detected, multiple mutations were found and no drug resistant mutations were found; 77.8%(7/9) of the HBV strains carried by the subjects in 2004 had double mutations at nt1 762(A→T) and 1 764(G→A) and a stop mutation at nt1 896(G→A); HBV mutations can be restored from the mutant type to the wild type and (or) vice versa without antiviral drug pressure, and The evolution rate of HBV genome was 2.03×10-5~3.50×10-3.Conclusion HBV genotype, recombinants, genetic complexity and diversity of HBV quasi-species can change over time during in natural infection. The transformation between HBV mutation type and wild type reduces the value of predicting clinical outcomes by genetic types and related mutations to some extent. The HBV genome evolution rate of asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg in Long'an County is very high.

Objective: To assess the implementation and impact of programs carried out by the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. Methods: Both sociological and epidemiological methods were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data in November and December, 2016 in order to conduct on process and outcome evaluation of the above mentioned objective. In the meantime, case study was also conducted. Results: All the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases were found well implemented across the country, with health education and health promotion, surveillance and safeguard measures in particular. A government-led and inter-sector coordination and communication mechanism had been well established, with more than 16 non-health departments actively involved. 28.7% of the residents living in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases were aware of the key messages related to chronic diseases. Among the residents, 72.1% of them consumed vegetables and 53.6% consumed fruits daily, with another 86.9% walked at least 10 minutes per day. Over 70% of the patients with hypertension or diabetes reported that they were taken care of by the Community Health Centers, and above 50% of them were under standardized management. Residents, living in the National Demonstration Areas under higher ranking of implementation scores, were more likely to be aware of relevant knowledge on chronic disease control and prevention (OR=6.591, 95%CI: 5.188-8.373), salt reduction (OR=1.352, 95%CI: 1.151-1.589), oil reduction (OR=1.477, 95%CI: 1.249-1.746) and recommendation on physical activities (OR=1.975, 95%CI: 1.623- 2.403). Conclusion: The implementation of programs carried out by the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases had served a local platform for the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases, and thus become an important 'carrier' for chronic disease prevention and control programs in China.
China/epidemiology* ; Chronic Disease/epidemiology* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Promotion/organization & administration* ; Humans ; National Health Programs ; Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control* ; Outcome Assessment, Health Care ; Population Surveillance ; Preventive Health Services/organization & administration* ; Program Evaluation ; Public Health

Objective: To investigate the current status of prevalence, treatment, and management on hypertension among Chinese adults from the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. Methods: We selected a total of 4 000 residents aged ≥18 years for this questionnaire-based survey by multi-stage clustering sampling in 10 National Demonstration Areas between November and December, 2016. Results: There were 3 891 effective questionnaires. The self-reported prevalence of hypertension among aged ≥35 years was 31.47% (1 011/3 213). For the past two weeks, the self-reported treatment of hypertension was 86.75%(877/1 011), with the rates of guidance as 56.87% (575/1 011) on physical activity, 40.95% (414/1 011) on diet, 38.33% (385/1 011) on weight management, and 22.75% (228/1 011) on smoking cessation. For the past 12 months, 74.68% (755/1 011) of the residents aged ≥35 years were under the proper management and 62.12% (628/1 011) of them were under the standardized management programs. The follow-up program lasted for 4 (P(25)-P(75): 4-12) times per year, with 15 (P(25)-P(75): 10-20) minutes per each visit. Hypertensive patients would mainly visit the outpatient clinics (53.51%), followed by home visits (22.91%) and telephone calls (13.64%). Rate of satisfaction on management services was 94.83% (716/755) from the hypertensive patients. Multivariate analysis showed that the rate of self-reported treatment (OR=1.986, 95%CI: 1.222-3.228) and self-reported standardized management (OR=2.204, 95%CI: 1.519-3.199) on hypertension were higher in the Demonstration Areas with higher implementation scores of self-reported non-communicable diseases management. Conclusions: Prevention and management on hypertension in the Demonstration Areas had met the requirement set for the Demonstration Areas during the "12th Five-Year Plan" . Projects on setting up the National Non-communicable Diseases Demonstration Areas had played an active role in promoting the standardized management program on hypertension.
Adult ; Asian People/statistics & numerical data* ; Diet ; Exercise ; Humans ; Hypertension/therapy* ; Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control* ; Population Surveillance ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To investigate the consumption of vegetables and fruits and related influencing factors among residents from the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. Methods: From November to December, 2016, a total of 4 000 residents, aged 18 or above, from ten Demonstration Areas, were selected as participants for this study by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Information on vegetables, fruits consumption and related influencing factors was collected via questionnaire. Results: A total of 3 891 residents were involved in the final analysis. Daily consumption of vegetables and fruits accounted for 72.1% and 53.6% of the residents under study. The residents who were aware of the National Demonstration Areas activities were more willing to have adequate intake of vegetables (OR=3.017, 95%CI: 2.426-3.753) and fruits (OR=1.261, 95%CI: 1.007-1.580). Residents with higher degree of participation activities of the demonstration areas were more likely to have adequate fruits intake (high degree: OR=1.431, 95%CI: 1.210-1.694; medium degree: OR=1.573, 95%CI: 1.315- 1.882). Conclusions: The implementation of the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases has improved the adequate vegetables and fruits intake among residents. Relevant activities carried out in the Demonstration Areas appeared conducive to the healthy lifestyle of the residents.
Diet/statistics & numerical data* ; Fruit ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Noncommunicable Diseases/prevention & control* ; Population Surveillance ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vegetables