Objective:Express a human anti-HBsAg single chain antibody fragment(scFv)-consensus interferon (cIFN) fusion protein by bacterial expression system and analyse the function of the fusion protein.Methods:Human anti-HBsAg single chain monoclonal antibody cDNA encoding the variable regions of immunoglobulin from PBMC of Hepatitis B patient. Consensus interferon gene was produced by overlap PCR.A plasmid for production of cIFN-scFV fusion protein was constructed, then the expression vector pRA cIFN-scFV transformed with the E.coli strain BL21(DE3). The gene product was analysed SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, then was solubilized by guanidine hydyochloride, refolded by conventional dilution method, and purified using metal-chelating chromatography. The immune and functional analysis of the resulting fusion protein have been studied by ELISA,FACS(Flow cytometry),MTS assay and hemaglutination inhibition test.Results:The authors isolated and characterized the human anti-HBsAg single chain antibody fragment(scFv)-consensus interferon (cIFN) fusion protein. The resulting human anti-HBsAg scFv-cIFN fusion protein was bound to react with HBsAg and cIFN, this react show that highly specific and bioactivity.Conclusion:A human anti-HBsAg single chain antibody fragment(scFv)-consensus interferon (cIFN) fusion protein was produced by bacterial expression system in this study. This genetically engineered human anti-HBsAg scFv-cIFN fusion protein promises to be an important reagent for hepatitis B immunotherapy.

Objectives  To clarify the transition process of Brazilian mothers of children with developmental disorders residing in Japan from “mothers raising healthy children” to “mothers raising children with developmental disorders within the Japanese healthcare and welfare system.”Methods  We conducted semi-structured interviews of 11 Brazilian mothers who raised their children for at least 1 year after the children were diagnosed having developmental disabilities.According to an interview guide we prepared, the mothers were requested to talk regarding raising their children and treatment and education after they suspected that their children had developmental disabilities and regarding the changes in their views about the same. The interviews were analyzed using a modified Grounded Theory Approach (M-GTA).Results and discussions  The average age of the research participants was 37.4 years. The children’s age ranged between 2 to 8 years. All the children had an autism spectrum disorder.   Mothers began «suspecting» that their children exhibited developmental problems around the age of 1.5 years. Some mothers experienced a sense of «diving into turmoil» when diagnosis of autism was given. Since before the diagnosis, mothers experienced a persistent and «ongoing emotional pain due to their children’s disorder». Meeting people they can trust «provided them with the support to become stronger», and were ready to do anything for their children; in other words, they became akin to [superwomen for their children].  This process was similar to that observed in a previous study involving Japanese mothers. A short time between the initial suspicion of their children’s development and the first clinical examination and taking actions toward a diagnosis, in other words, “impatience,” were characteristics of Brazilians mothers.Conclusions  The transition process of Brazilians mothers was similar to that of Japanese mothers, with some distinct characteristics. Managing impatience, providing intervention after a diagnosis, and seeking support from others will promote this transition.

Objective  The purpose of this study was to identify influence factors on Japanese Nursing Students (JNS) from learning support activities for Indonesian Nursing Candidates (INC).Method  The participants were JNS belonging to a support group for INC studying for the Japanese National Nursing Examination. The JNS were each questioned in semi-structured interviews. Responses were analyzed and divided into categories.Results  Students engaged in tutoring activities with a focus on nursing skills and knowledge for passing the National Nursing Examination in Japanese. They also attended recreation activities, which included day trips.  The effects on the JNS were classified into the following six categories:1) Learning the importance of cooperation; 2) Positive change in thoughts and attitude; 3) Increase in learning time; 4) Positive stimulation in progress of all aiming to be nurses; 5) Furthering interest in international matters; 6) Deepening of nursing philosophy.Conclusion  The results clearly identified that JNSs were positively influenced by interaction with INCs in thinking and attitude together with motivation to learn through cross-cultural activities while both aimed towards the same goals. Regular activity with culturally diverse INCs leads to JNSs being more interested in international matters and encourages a more comprehensive understanding of nursing philosophy.