OBJECTIVETo obtain massive human pancreatic islets with modified techniques and evaluation of the islets for the clinical allo-transplantation to treat type I and II diabetes.

METHODS28 consecutive adult human pancreata were isolated with modified automated techniques. Islets were purified using continuous density gradient. The islet yield was counted with international standard known as islet equivalent (IEQ). The function of the isolated islets was evaluated by measuring DNA/insulin ratio, static glucose stimulating test in vitro and transplanting the islets into diabetic nude mice in vivo followed by abdominal glucose tolerance test and C peptide measurement.

RESULTSThe yield of 28 consecutive human pancreata isolations ranged from 5 000 to 1 030 000 IEQs/pancreas with the average of 291 635 IEQs/pancreas. The first 13 isolations yielded 49 123 IEQs/pancreas, 846 IEQs/g and, purity 87% in average. The remained 15 isolations after the modifications yielded 501 813 IEQs/pancreas, 7 003 IEQs/g and purity 89% in average. The results of in vitro SGS showed good response to the different glucose concentration. 34 diabetic nude mice were transplanted under the renal capsule with the freshly isolated islets. 29 out of 34 diabetic mice obtained normoglycemia within 12 hours and the glucose tolerance tests were near normal. Serum C peptide level of transplanted mice is close to that of the control group.

CONCLUSIONSMassive human islets can be isolated with the modified techniques. Quality assessment of these islets both in vitro and in vivo has indicated that these high quality human islets could be used for the clinical allogeneic islet transplantation.

Adult ; Animals ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; surgery ; Glucose ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; drug effects ; physiology ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Transplantation, Heterologous

BACKGROUNDIslet transplantation represents an ideal therapeutic approach for treatment of type 1 diabetes but islet function and regeneration may be influenced by necrosis or apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and other insults. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme into biliverdin, releasing free iron and carbon monoxide. It has also been reported to be an antioxidant enzyme which can improve the function of grafted islets by cytoprotection via free radical scavenging and apoptosis prevention. In the present study, we investigated whether transduction of HO-1 genes into human islets with an adenovirus vector has cytoprotective action on islets cultured in vitro and discuss this method of gene therapy for clinical islet transplantation.

METHODSCadaveric pancreatic islets were isolated and purified in vitro. Transduction efficiency of islets was determined by infecting islets with adenovirus vector containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene (Ad-EGFP) at multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 2, 5, 10, or 20. Newly isolated islets were divided into three groups: EGFP group, islets transduced with Ad-EGFP using MOI = 20; HO-1 group, transduced with adenovirus vectors containing the human HO-1 gene using MOI = 20; and control group, mock transduced islets. Insulin release after glucose stimulation of the cell lines was determined by a radioimmunoassay kit and the stimulation index was calculated. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptotic cells in the HO-1 group and in the control group after induction by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNFalpha) and cycloheximide (CHX) for 48 hours.

RESULTSAdenovirus vectors have a high efficiency of gene transduction into adult islet cells. Transduction of islets with the Ad-EGFP was most successful at MOI 20, at which MOI fluorescence was very intense on day 7 after transduction and EGFP was expressed in cultured islet cells for more than four weeks in vitro. The insulin release in the control group was (182.36 +/- 58.96) mIU/L after stimulation by high glucose media (16.7 mmol/L), while insulin release from the HO-1 group and the EGFP group were (270.09 +/- 89.37) mIU/L and (175.95 +/- 75.05) mIU/L respectively. Compared to the control group and the EGFP group, insulin release in the HO-1 group increased significantly (P < 0.05). After treatment with rTNFalpha and CHX the apoptotic ratio of islet cells was (63.09 +/- 10.86)% in the HO-1 group, significantly lower than (90.86 +/- 11.25)% in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTransduction of human islets with Ad-HO-1 can protect against TNF-alpha and CHX mediated cytotoxicity. The HO-1 gene also appears to facilitate insulin release from human islets. Transduction of donor islets with the adenovirus vector containing an HO-1 gene might have potential value in clinical islet transplantation.

Adenoviridae ; genetics ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cycloheximide ; pharmacology ; Cytoprotection ; Genetic Therapy ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; Insulin ; secretion ; Islets of Langerhans ; physiology ; Transduction, Genetic ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility and benefits of co-culture of cryopreserved islets with small intestinal submucosa (SIS).

METHODSPurified rat islets cryopreserved for one month were divided into SIS group and control group, and after culture in standard islet culture media RPMI1640 for 1 week, the morphology and function of the islets were assessed.

RESULTSThe SIS protects the fragile islets from damage by cryopreservation, and increased the recovery from (60.6-/+3.3)% to (91.7-/+1.8) % (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, incubation of the islets of the SIS group in high-glucose (16.7 mmol/L) solution resulted in significantly enhanced insulin secretion (23.7-/+1.6 vs 12.5-/+1.1 mU/L, P<0.05). When the islets were incubated in high-glucose solution containing theophylline, the calculated stimulation index of SIS group was about 3-fold higher than that of the control group.

CONCLUSIONCo-culture of cryopreserved rat islets with SIS can increase the recovery of islet cells and improve their function.

Animals ; Coculture Techniques ; Cryopreservation ; methods ; Glucose ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; secretion ; Intestinal Mucosa ; cytology ; drug effects ; physiology ; Intestine, Small ; cytology ; drug effects ; physiology ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; drug effects ; physiology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Theophylline ; pharmacology

BACKGROUNDMu opioid receptor plays an important role in many physiological functions. Fentanyl is a widely used opioid receptor agonist for analgesia. This study was conducted to test the role of mu-opioid receptor on insulin release by determining whether fentanyl affected insulin release from freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets and if small interfering RNAs (siRNA) targeting mu-opioid receptor in the islets could knock down mu-opioid receptor expression.

METHODSIslets were isolated from ripe SD rats' pancreas by common bile duct intraductal collagenase V digestion and purified by discontinuous Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. The siRNA knock-down of mu-opioid receptor mRNA and protein in islet cells was analyzed by semi-quantitative real time-PCR and Western blotting. After siRNA-transfection for 48 hours, the islets were co-cultured with fentanyl as follows: 0 ng/ml, 3 ng/ml and 30 ng/ml for 48 hours. Then glucose-evoked insulin release was performed. As a control, the insulin release was also analyzed in islets without siRNA-trasfection after being co-cultured with fentanyl for 48 hours.

RESULTSAfter 48 hours of transfections, specific siRNA targeting of mu-opioid receptors produced significant reduction of mu-opioid receptor mRNA and protein (P < 0.01). Fentanyl significantly inhibited glucose-evoked insulin release in islets in a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.01). But after siRNA-transfection for 48 hours, the inhibition on glucose-evoked insulin release was reversed (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSRNA interference specifically reduces mu-opioid receptor mRNA and protein expression, leading to reversal of the fentanyl-induced inhibition on glucose-evoked insulin release of rat islets. The activation of opioid receptor induced by fentanyl functions to inhibit insulin release. The use of RNAi presents a promising tool for future research in diabetic mechanisms and a novel therapy for diabetes.

Analgesics, Opioid ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Fentanyl ; pharmacology ; Glucose ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; secretion ; Islets of Langerhans ; drug effects ; secretion ; Male ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid, mu ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; physiology

Dysfunction of the pancreatic beta-cell is an important defect in the pathophysiological changes of type 2 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes is evidently associated with obesity. But the role of the adipocyte in the dysfunction of the pancreatic beta-cell remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the direct effects of 3T3-L1 adipocytes on the expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP) channels) in MIN6 insulin-secreting cells. MIN6 cells were divided into two groups as control group, where MIN6 cells were cultured in normal culture medium, and coculture group, where MIN6 cells were cocultured with differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes for 1 week. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was employed to measure the expression of K(ATP) channel subunit Kir6.2 in MIN6 cells. Fura-2 was used to reflect changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in MIN6 cells. The secretary function of MIN6 cells from both groups was estimated by radioimmunoassay method. The results showed that the Kir6.2 cDNA levels corrected by GAPDH cDNA levels after densitometric analysis were 0.989+/-0.035 in control group and 0.726+/-0.087 in coculture group. The expression of Kir6.2 was significantly decreased in MIN6 cells in the coculture group as compared with that in control. MIN6 cells cocultured with 3T3-L1 adipocytes lost the ability to increase [Ca(2+)](i) when stimulated by tolbutamide (0.1 mmol/L), a highly selective KATP channel closer. In contrast, MIN6 cells in control group had typical responses to tolbutamide with a significant increase in [Ca(2+)](i). The magnitudes to basal levels of [Ca(2+)](i) after tolbutamide stimulation were 1.520+/-0.203 in control and 1.114+/-0.097 in coculture group (P<0.05, n=6). MIN6 cells in control showed a significant increase in insulin secretion from 0.38+/-0.099 mU/min to 2.87+/-0.248 mU/min after being stimulated by tolbutamide, whereas MIN6 cells in coculture group did not increase insulin secretion when stimulated by tolbutamide (0.21+/-0.055 mU/min to 0.22+/-0.082 mU/min). It is demonstrated that 3T3-L1 adipocytes decrease the expression of K(ATP) channels in MIN6 cells through secreting certain factors, which impair the secretary function of MIN6 cells. The present results indicate that adipocytes are directly involved in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, which may facilitate the development of type 2 diabetes.
3T3 Cells ; Adipocytes ; cytology ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Gene Expression ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Insulin ; biosynthesis ; Insulin Resistance ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; metabolism ; Mice ; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; physiology ; Tolbutamide ; pharmacology ; Transcription, Genetic ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the regulation of leptin on insulin secretion and expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunit sulfonulurea receptor 1 (SUR1) mRNA, and to determine whether the effects of leptin are mediated through known intracellular signaling transduction.

METHODSPancreatic islets were isolated by the collagenase method from male SD rats. The purified islets were incubated with different concentrations of leptin for 2 h in the presence of different concentrations of glucose. Insulin release was measured using radioimmunoassay. Expression of SUR1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTSIn the presence of leptin 2 nmol/L, insulin release was significantly inhibited at either 11.1 or 16.7 mmol/L glucose concentration (both P < 0.05), but insulin release was not altered at glucose of 5.6 mmol/L physiological concentration. The dose-response experiment showed that the maximal effect of leptin on insulin secretion achieved at 2 nmol/L. Exposure of islets to 2 nmol/L leptin induced a significant increase of SUR1 transcription levels by 71% (P < 0.01) at 11.1 mmol/L glucose and by 56% (P < 0.05) at 16.7 mmol/L glucose concentration. Selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin significantly prevented the leptin effect on insulin secretion and SUR1 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONSRegulatory effects of leptin on insulin secretion could be biphasic at different concentrations of glucose and leptin. The stimulatory regulation of SUR1 transcription levels may be mediated through activation of PI 3-kinase pathway, which may be a possible mechanism of leptin in regulating insulin secretion.

Animals ; Butadienes ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Insulin ; secretion ; Islets of Langerhans ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Leptin ; pharmacology ; Male ; Nitriles ; pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; physiology ; Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

AIMTo investigate the protective role of HO/CO systems in IL-1beta induced islest apoptosis and to explore the mechanisms of the protective effect of fructose-1, 6-disphosphate (FDP).

METHODSThe pancreases of the rats were removed to collect islets cells. The cells were incubated with IL-1beta with/or FDP. Cell activity, insulin secretion, HO-1 activity, CO content and apoptotic percentage were detected.

RESULTSHO-1 activity and CO content of the normal control group were low. IL-1beta induced a significant decrease of cell activity and insulin release, flow cytometry analysis showed that apoptotic percentage of islet cells remarkably increased following the addition of IL-1beta, FDP obviously improved the islets cellular activity damaged by IL-1beta, and basic amount of insulin secretion and stimulated by high glucose were improved (P < 0.01). Content of CO and activity of HO-1 were higher in the IL-1beta group than the normal control group (P < 0.05), and there were significant differences between the FDP groups and IL-1beta group. FDP decreased cell apoptotic percentage. Activities of HO-1 and content of CO were higher than that in the IL-1beta group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONFDP can attenuate the IL-1beta induced apoptosis of cultured beta cells, the mechanism of which may be improved HO-1 activity and CO content.

Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Carbon Monoxide ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Fructosediphosphates ; pharmacology ; Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing) ; metabolism ; physiology ; Insulin ; secretion ; Interleukin-1beta ; antagonists & inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Recent epidemiological studies suggest that alcohol consumption is one of the risk factors leading to type 2 diabetes, but the direct effect of ethanol on beta-cell gene expression is not known. Here, using cDNA RDA method, we isolated 43 ethanol-induced genes in pancreatic beta-cells, and confirmed their differential expression by Northern blot or semi-quantitative RT-PCR. These genes were further categorized by the functional criteria based on the published data; Translation, Transcription, Metabolism, Signal transduction, Transport, Structure, Cytoskeleton, Regulation, or Putative/Unknown genes. The effects of each gene on beta-cell function need to be further investigated, however, the present data strongly suggest that these genes might be related to the metabolic alterations caused by ethanol as indicated in earlier study. In particular, RPS3 gene expression was increased by ethanol, glucosamine, and cytokines, implying that ethanol might decrease the metabolic activity by oxidative stress in beta-cells. Therefore, cloning of these genes in full-length and the detailed studies of each gene on beta-cell functions might provide clues on the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes caused by alcohol.
Alcohol Drinking ; Animals ; Cytokines/pharmacology ; Ethanol/*pharmacology ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Glucosamine/pharmacology ; Humans ; Islets of Langerhans/*drug effects/*physiology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods

OBJECTIVETo establish the method for isolation, culture, and differentiation induction of nestin-positive cells in fetal rat hepatic cells.

METHODSHepatic cells were obtained from fetal rats by means of mechanical separation and hanging-drop culture, and after two days of primary culture, the medium was changed for further cell culture in the presence of 20% fetal bovine serum (containing glucose 25 ml/L, mycillin 100 U/ml, pH 7.6), 10 mmol/L nicotinamide, 1 mg/L insulin, affix N2, basic fibroblast growth factor, stem cell factor, epidermal growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONNestin-positive cells were obtained from fetal rat liver, which can differentiate into islet beta cells after culture and expansion in vitro.

Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Cell Separation ; methods ; Cell Transdifferentiation ; drug effects ; physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; pharmacology ; Female ; Fetus ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; pharmacology ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; metabolism ; Insulin ; pharmacology ; Intermediate Filament Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Islets of Langerhans ; cytology ; drug effects ; Leukemia Inhibitory Factor ; pharmacology ; Liver ; Male ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; biosynthesis ; Nestin ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Stem Cell Factor ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether HIV-1 protease inhibitor nelfinavir alters the insulin stimulated phosphorylation of insulin signaling parameters in rat insulinoma INS-1 cells.

METHODSINS-1 cells were incubated with nelfinavir for 48 h and stimulated with 100 nmol/L insulin for 2 min. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis of the insulin stimulated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1,-2 and Akt-Thr(308) phosphorylation were performed on cell lysates. Cytotoxic effects of nelfinavir were measured by cell count with trypan blue and MTT reduction test.

RESULTNelfinavir decreased insulin stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-2 and Akt-Thr(308) in a dose-dependent manner; for 10 micromol/L of nelfinavir, the decrease was 52% and 55%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONTreatment with nelfinavir might impair IRS-2-mediated signaling in pancreatic beta cells.

Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; HIV Protease Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; Insulinoma ; metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Islets of Langerhans ; drug effects ; physiology ; Nelfinavir ; pharmacology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Phosphoproteins ; analysis ; physiology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; analysis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; analysis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects