PURPOSE: Brief myocardial ischemia evokes a cardioprotective response, referred to as "Ischemic Preconditioning", that limits injury caused by a subsequent prolonged ischemic insult. The myocardial ischemic preconditioning effect can be induced by ischemia of "distant" cardiac and noncardiac tissue, implicating the involvement of an as-yet unidentified humoral trigger. The purpose of this study was to prove the protective effect of a preconditioning ischemic trigger (PIT) obtained from coronary effluent to isolated pancreatic cells under hypoxic condition in neonatal pigs. METHODS: Isolated hearts were preconditioned 5 times with 5-min ischemia following 10-min reperfusion. Coronary effluent was collected during reperfusion, filtered by using a Sep-Pak C-18 catridge, and lyophilized after dissolving it with acetonitrile. Isolated pancreatic cells were divided into a PIT-treatment group and a control group, and each group was further divided into time-dependent and dose-dependent groups. Time-dependent groups were incubated under a hypoxic condition for durations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 hrs, and dose-dependent groups were treated with 3 different doses of PIT that had undergone hypoxic incubation for 4 hrs. Viability of the pancreatic cells after the hypoxic incubation period was evaluated by using a confocal microscope. RESULTS: In the control group, the average viability of pancreatic cells after 4 hrs of hypoxia was 60.48 +/- 1.24%, and in the PIT-treated group, the value was 71.88 +/- 1.33%, the difference in the viability between the PIT-treated group and the control group after 4 hrs of hypoxia was statistically significant. In the dose-dependent groups, the viability of pancreatic cells was significantly larger in the groups treated with original PIT and 1/10 PIT than in the control group. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that in the In-vitro pig model, PIT obtained from heart evoked ischemic tolerance to isolated pancreatic cells.
Anoxia* ; Heart* ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Reperfusion ; Swine*

Ischemia is the most common and important cause of injury to cardiomyocytes. Acute ischemia causes profound derangement of the cellular energetics and metabolism, and this ultimately leads to cell death. Experimental studies have demonstrated the presence of an endogenous protective mechanism that can diminish or delay cell death from ischemic insult; this is known as ischemic preconditioning. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge of the cellular biology of acute ischemic injury and also signaling mechanisms of cardioprotection that are involved in preconditioning. Further, we briefly discuss the clinical implications.
Cell Death ; Ischemia* ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac*

OBJECTIVEA general review was made of studies involving: (1) The experimental evidence of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) and relative clinical studies, (2) The experimental and clinical evidences of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPOC), (3) The potential mechanistic pathways underlying their protective effects.

DATA SOURCESThe data used in this review were mainly from manuscripts listed in PubMed that were published in English from 1986 to 2010. The search terms were "myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury", "ischemia preconditioning", "ischemia postconditioning", "remote preconditioning" and "remote postconditioning".

STUDY SELECTION(1) Clinical and experimental evidence that both RIPC and RIPOC produce preservation of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) of myocardium and other organs, (2) Studies related to the potential mechanisms, by which remote ischemic conditioning protects myocardium against IRI.

RESULTSBoth RIPC and RIOPC have been shown to attenuate myocardial IRI in laboratory animals. Also, their cardioprotective effects have appeared in some clinical studies. Except the external, the detailed internal mechanisms of remote ischemic conditioning have been generally described. Through these descriptions better protocols can be developed to provide improved cardioprotective procedures.

CONCLUSIONSRemote ischemic conditioning is an endogenous cardioprotective mechanism from outside the heart that protects against myocardial IRI and represents a general form of inter-organ protection. Remote ischemic conditioning may have an immense impact on clinical practice in the near future.

Animals ; Cytoprotection ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; therapy

Ischemic tolerance exists in many organs, among which the cerebral ischemic tolerance and its potential clinical applications are most notable. The discovery of new triggers of cerebral ischemic tolerance has brought more interesting insights into the molecular mechanisms. The remote ischemic preconditioning and pharmacological induction of cerebral ischemic tolerance have shown promising clinical safety and feasibility, and therefore may be important breakthroughs in the clinical application of cerebral ischemic tolerance.
Brain Ischemia ; physiopathology ; Erythropoietin ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; methods

"Treatment for before sick" is a theory of TCM, reflecting preventing thought of "prevention being better than cure" and "nipping in the bud", while "moxibustion treatment for before sick" is highly praised by doctors of past ages. Moxibustion can activate human vital-qi and increase immunologic function of the organism, playing a preventive role for before sick, which is similar to the essence of "ischemic preconditioning" raised in recent years. Because of convenient manipulation, no adverse effect, it has very important position in the field of preventive medicine.
Acupuncture Points ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Moxibustion ; methods ; Preventive Medicine

OBJECTIVE: This controlled study was done to determine the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on the liver of cats undergoing major liver resection.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of IP on alanine transaminase (ALT or SGPT) in cat*that will undergo major liver resection.
DESIGN: This study is a randomized controlled trial.
SETTING: LIST Health Sciences Research Laboratory.
PATIENTS/ PARTICIPANTS: This is an experimental study on the effects of ischemic preconditioning under hepatic inflow occlusion on the SGPT as a measure of morbidity in Felis catus (domestic cats) undergoing right hepatic lobectomy. Nine male cats, weighing 2.5-5kg, are equally allocated into any one of the following 3 study groups: Control group not subjected to ischemic preconditioning (C), Experimental group subjected to 1 1/2 minutes of ischemia followed by 1.5 minutes of reperfusion (El), Experimental group subjected to 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion (E2).
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean weight of cats in the 3 groups (p = 1.00). Comparing the pre and post result between using paired t-test, there was no significant difference in the baseline values (p = 0.14). However, there was a significant difference in the post result between the three groups (p < 0.001). The results showed that the mean post values significantly increased from baseline. The same result was noted in the El and E2 group where a significant increase was also noted with p values, 0.005 and 0.004, respectively. Comparing the mean difference in the pre and post values using ANOV A, there was a significant difference noted between the three groups as proven by all p values
CONCLUSION: In the past few years, interesting new data on the presence of ischemic preconditioning in various organs as an endogenous means to protect itself from ischemiahas been available. This study investigated and suggests that ischemic preconditioning may provide protection to the liver undergoing hepatic lobectomy.

Ischemic preconditioning is known to have protective effect on myocardial function at prolonged ischemic insult but the mechanism of the effect is not clearly known. The effect of the preconditioning on the global ischemia using cardioplegic solution is not well known. To evaluate the effect of global myocardial preconditioning on the functional recovery after cardioplegic arrest and two hours of hypothermic storage, we used the isolated rat heart and two hours cardioplegic arrest time at 0degree C. In the experimental group (n=10), after baseline functional data was obtained, ischemic preconditioning was induced with 1 min of global normothermic ischemia for three times before the arrest period. In the control group (n=10), hearts underwent no ischemic precondi- tioning. After 2 hrs of cardioplegic arrest and storage in the 0degree C cardioplegic solution reperfusion was done and hemodynamic data were collected at post-reperfusion 20 min. Heart with ischemic preconditioning showed improved functional recovery at post reperfusion 20 min in peak developed pressure and dP/dT. In percent change of the peak pressure, preconditioning group showed 93.20+/-15.7% recovery rate compared to baseline data, and control group showed 67.3+/-15.6% recovery rate. In percent change of the dP/dT, control group showed 54.7+/-18.2% recovery rate and preconditioning group showed 78.1+/-15.1% recovery rate. Percent changes in heart rate and coronary flow showed no significant difference between two groups and there was no significant differences in amount of cardioplegic delivery between groups. Our data suggest ischemic preconditioning may have protective effect on recovery state after cardioplegic arrest and 2 hr ischemic storage of isolated rat heart and its mechanism is not related to the amount of the cardioplegic delivery amount.
Animals ; Cardioplegic Solutions ; Heart Rate ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics ; Ischemia ; Ischemic Preconditioning* ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Rats ; Reperfusion

Since the findings of Murry and Currie et al. that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and heat shock response (HSR) could protect evidently myocardium against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the middle of 1980s, endogenous myocardial protection has drawn widespread attentions. A great quantity of studies completed during the past 25 years made much progress in endogenous myocardial protection. Abundant research experiences have been accumulated and a basic theoretical framework has been established in this field. However, there are still many questions need to be solved. In this review, we focused on clarifying some hot questions and important future directions in IPC, heat shock proteins (HSPs), research models and strategies in endogenous myocardial protection.
Animals ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; physiology ; Humans ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; Myocardium ; Reperfusion Injury ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of stress on myocardial apoptosis in ischemic preconditioning group (IPC). METHODS: Twenty-four Japanese white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6): an etomidate group (the Etom group) of depressed stress established by intravenous etomidate, an IPC group, an ischemic reperfusion group (the IR group) and a methylprednisolone group (the MP group). Myocardial apoptosis was examined by DNA-laddering, in situ nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and Hoechst dyeing. RESULTS: The DNA ladder increased in the Etom group. The percentage of apoptosis by TUNEL method was 1.7%±0.2% in the IPC group, 2.3%±0.8% in the MP group, 3.8%±1.3% in the IR group and 3.0%±0.4% in the Etom group. Hoechst dying was 4.1%±0.9% in the IPC group, 3.5%±0.4% in the MP group, 6.2%±1.6% in the IR group and 7.6%±0.4% in the Etom group. There was significant difference between the IPC group and the Etom group or IR group, and also between the MP group and the IR group. CONCLUSION A depressed stress response impairs the inhibition on myocardial apoptosis in ischemic preconditioning. Methylprednisolone may inhibit myocardial apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Etomidate ; pharmacology ; Heart ; drug effects ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Methylprednisolone ; pharmacology ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Rabbits