Abstract Introduction: Modernization has brought shifts in social norms especially in adolescents, including their sexual behavior. Girls between the ages 15-19 about 38 million were at risk of pregnancy, 21 million of adolescents had pregnancy experience, and 49% of them were unwanted pregnancies. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of subjective norms and behavioral controls on adolescent attitudes to prevent premarital sex behavior. Methods: This quantitative study used a cross-sectional study design. Data were taken using questionnaires that tested for validity and reliability. The population in this study was high-school students in Trenggalek Regency in East Java Indonesia as one of the regencies with increasing problems related to premarital sexual behavior. The population of this study was high-school students of first grade, second grade, and third grade as the majority of adolescents that conducted the premarital sex behavior were among that age range. Results: 97.3% of students have positive norms conducive to prevention of premarital sex behavior and 98.7% of students have behavioral controls and positive attitudes to prevent premarital sex. Conclusion: Subjective norms and perceived behavioral controls in this study did not affect adolescent attitudes to prevent premarital sex behavior.

Objective: Social media addiction and internet gaming disorder may cause mental health problems among a minority of university students. The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and the 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF) are commonly used worldwide. However, they have not been translated or validated into Indonesian. The present study aimed to translate and validate the BSMAS and IGDS9-SF in an Indonesian context among young adults. Methods: A multi-center, web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 458 university students (74% female; mean age 22.5 years) in Indonesia from June to December 2021. The BSMAS and IGDS9-SF were translated into Indonesian. Internal consistency (using Cronbach’s α and McDonald’s ω) and factor structure (using confirmatory factor analysis) of the two instruments were examined. Concurrent validity of BSMAS and IGDS9-SF was examined using their correlations with two external concepts: nomophobia and psychological distress. Results: Internal consistency of the Indonesian BSMAS and IGDS9-SF were both acceptable (Cronbach’s α=0.80 and 0.90; McDonald’s ω=0.86 and 0.92). Both instruments were unidimensional with good factor loadings (0.54–0.78 for BSMAS; 0.63–0.79 for IGDS9-SF). Moreover, BSMAS and IGDS9-SF had stronger associations with nomophobia (r=0.58 and 0.12; p<0.001) than with psychological distress (r=0.43 and 0.15; p<0.001). Conclusion The Indonesian versions of the BSMAS and IGDS9-SF had good psychometric properties in terms of linguistic validity, unidimensionality, and reliability. The findings indicate the tools are appropriate for assessing the risk of social media addiction and internet gaming disorder among university students in Indonesia.