OBJECTIVETo assess the value of positron emission tomography (PET) with (11)C-choline (CH), (11)C-methionine (MET), (18)F-fluorothymidine (FLT), and (11)C-acetate (AC) in diagnosis of pulmonary abnormalities and the features of pulmonary abnormalities in PET.

METHODSFrom June 2002 to June 2007, 100 patients with pulmonary nodules or masses confirmed by CT scans received PET with special tracers. Fifty-eight patients received CH-PET, 16 patients received MET-PET, 22 patients received FLT-PET, 4 patients received AC-PET. PET data was analyzed by visual method and semiquantitative method with standard uptake value (SUV). Diagnoses were compared with pathology and follow-up survey.

RESULTSFor identification of pulmonary neoplasms with CH-PET, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 84.2% (32/38), 57.9% (11/19) and 75.4% (43/57). In cancer cases, SUV had no correlation with tumor size or age. For identification of pulmonary neoplasms with MET-PET, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 6/7, 6/9 and 75.0% (12/16). In cancer cases, SUV had not correlation with tumor size or age. For identification of pulmonary neoplasms with FLT-PET, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 85.7% (12/14), 2/8 and 63.6% (14/22). In cancer cases, SUV had not correlation with tumor size or age. In AC-PET, only 1 case of pulmonary metastasis of kidney clear cell carcinoma showed acetate avid. Two squamous cell carcinoma and 1 adenocarcinoma didn't appear abnormal in AC-PET.

CONCLUSIONCH, MET, FLT, AC are valuable in diagnosing but also lead to false positive and false negative.

Choline ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Dideoxynucleosides ; Female ; Humans ; Iodoacetates ; Lung Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Methionine ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease that is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and chronic pain. Oxidative stress is considered one of the pathophysiological factors in the progression of OA. We investigated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which is an antioxidant, on monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis of the knee joint of rat, which is an animal model of human OA. GSPE (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg) or saline was given orally three times per week for 4 weeks after the MIA injection. Pain was measured using the paw withdrawal latency (PWL), the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and the hind limb weight bearing ability. Joint damage was assessed using histological and microscopic analysis and microcomputerized tomography. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) and nitrotyrosine were detected using immunohistochemistry. Administration of GSPE to the MIA-treated rats significantly increased the PWL and PWT and this resulted in recovery of hind paw weight distribution (P < 0.05). GSPE reduced the loss of chondrocytes and proteoglycan, the production of MMP13, nitrotyrosine and IL-1beta and the formation of osteophytes, and it reduced the number of subchondral bone fractures in the MIA-treated rats. These results indicate that GSPE is antinociceptive and it is protective against joint damage in the MIA-treated rat model of OA. GSPE could open up novel avenues for the treatment of OA.
Analgesics/*administration & dosage ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*administration & dosage ; Bone Resorption ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Interleukin-1beta/genetics/metabolism ; Iodoacetates/administration & dosage ; Knee Joint/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/genetics/metabolism ; Osteoarthritis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pain ; Plant Extracts/administration & dosage ; Proanthocyanidins/*administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Seeds ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Vitis/immunology

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease that is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and chronic pain. Oxidative stress is considered one of the pathophysiological factors in the progression of OA. We investigated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which is an antioxidant, on monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced arthritis of the knee joint of rat, which is an animal model of human OA. GSPE (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg) or saline was given orally three times per week for 4 weeks after the MIA injection. Pain was measured using the paw withdrawal latency (PWL), the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and the hind limb weight bearing ability. Joint damage was assessed using histological and microscopic analysis and microcomputerized tomography. Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP13) and nitrotyrosine were detected using immunohistochemistry. Administration of GSPE to the MIA-treated rats significantly increased the PWL and PWT and this resulted in recovery of hind paw weight distribution (P < 0.05). GSPE reduced the loss of chondrocytes and proteoglycan, the production of MMP13, nitrotyrosine and IL-1beta and the formation of osteophytes, and it reduced the number of subchondral bone fractures in the MIA-treated rats. These results indicate that GSPE is antinociceptive and it is protective against joint damage in the MIA-treated rat model of OA. GSPE could open up novel avenues for the treatment of OA.
Analgesics/*administration & dosage ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*administration & dosage ; Bone Resorption ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Interleukin-1beta/genetics/metabolism ; Iodoacetates/administration & dosage ; Knee Joint/*drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/genetics/metabolism ; Osteoarthritis/chemically induced/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Pain ; Plant Extracts/administration & dosage ; Proanthocyanidins/*administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Seeds ; Tomography, Emission-Computed ; Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Vitis/immunology

Apoptosis is a programmed, physiologic mode of cell death that plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. As for the central nervous system, ischemic insults can induce pathophysiologic cascade of apoptosis in neurophils. Impairment of astroctye functions during brain ischemia can critically influence neuron survival by neuronglia interactions. We aimed to elucidate the protective effect of ketamine on apoptosis by energy deprivation in astrocytes. Ischemic insults was induced with iodoacetate/ carbonylcyanide mchlorophenylhydrazone (IAA/CCCP) 1.5 mM/ 20 micrometer or 150 micrometer/2 micrometer for 1 hr in the HTB-15 and CRL-1690 astrocytoma cells. Then these cells were reperfused with normal media or ketamine (0.1 mM) containing media for 1 hr or 24 hr. FITC-annexin-V staining and propidium iodide binding were determined by using flow cytometry. Cell size and granularity were measured by forward and side light scattering properties of flow cytometry system, respectively. An addition of keta-mine during reperfusion increased the proportion of viable cells. Ketamine alleviated cell shrinkage and increased granularity during the early period, and ameliorated cell swelling during the late reperfusion period. Ketamine may have a valuable effect on amelioration of early and late apoptosis in the astrocytoma cells, even though the exact mechanism remains to be verified.
Anesthetics, Dissociative/*pharmacology ; Annexin A5/pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; Astrocytes/metabolism ; Astrocytoma/*drug therapy/pathology ; Brain/pathology ; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone/pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Size ; Cell Survival ; Central Nervous System/drug effects/pathology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Flow Cytometry/*methods ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents/pharmacology ; Iodoacetates/pharmacology ; Ischemia/pathology ; Ketamine/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Light ; Neurons/metabolism/pathology ; Neutrophils/metabolism ; Perfusion ; Propidium/pharmacology ; Scattering, Radiation ; Time Factors ; Uncoupling Agents/pharmacology

Teeth and bones are highly mineralized tissues containing inorganic minerals such as calcium phosphate, and a growing number of evidences show that their mineral content is associated with many diseases. Although the quantification of mineral contents by micro-computed tomography(micro- CT) has been used in diagnosis and evaluation for treating bone diseases, its application for teeth diseases has not been well established. In this study, we attempted to estimate a usefulness of a high-resolution micro-CT in analysis of human teeth. The teeth were scanned by using the Skyscan 1172 micro-CT. In order to measure tooth mineral content, beam hardening effect of the machine was corrected with a radiopaque iodinecontaining substance, iodoacetamide. Under the maximum resolution of 6.6 µm, X-ray densities in teeth and hydroxyapatite standards were obtained with Hounsfield unit (HU), and they were then converted to an absolute mineral concentration by a CT Analyzer software. In enamel layer of cusp area, the mean mineral concentration was about 2.14 mg/mm³ and there was a constant mineral concentration gradient from the enamel surface to the dentinoenamel junction. In the dentin of middle 1/3 of tooth, the mean mineral concentration was approximately 1.27 mg/mm³ and there was a constant mineral concentration gradient from the outer of root to the pulp side, ranging from 1.3 to 1.06 mg/mm³. In decay region of dentin, the mineral content was gradually decreased from the intact inner side to the decayed surface. These results suggest that high-resolution micro-CT can be as a useful tool for non-invasive measurement of mineral concentration in teeth.
Bone Diseases ; Calcium ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin ; Diagnosis ; Durapatite ; Humans ; Iodoacetamide ; Minerals ; Miners* ; Tooth*

This study investigated effect of extract containing quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside from Rumex Aquaticus Herba (ECQ) against chronic gastritis in rats. To produce chronic gastritis, the animals received a daily intra-gastric administration of 0.1 ml of 0.15% iodoacetamide (IA) solution for 7 days. Daily exposure of the gastric mucosa to IA induced both gastric lesions and significant reductions of body weight and food and water intake. These reductions recovered with treatment with ECQ for 7 days. ECQ significantly inhibited the elevation of the malondialdehyde levels and myeloperoxidase activity, which were used as indices of lipid peroxidation and neutrophil infiltration. ECQ recovered the level of glutathione, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and expression of SOD-2. The increased levels of total NO concentration and iNOS expression in the IA-induced chronic gastritis were significantly reduced by treatment with ECQ. These results suggest that the ECQ has a therapeutic effect on chronic gastritis in rats by inhibitory actions on neutrophil infiltration, lipid peroxidation and various steps of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Drinking ; Gastric Mucosa ; Gastritis* ; Glutathione ; Iodoacetamide* ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Malondialdehyde ; Neutrophil Infiltration ; Peroxidase ; Quercetin* ; Rats* ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Rumex ; Superoxide Dismutase

The influence of sodium iodate and sodium iodoacetate on the standing potential of rabbits' eyes were investigated with the use of electro-oculography. The electro-oculogram was recorded 1, 3, 5, 24 hours and 5 days after the administrations of the drugs. In order to measure the potential changes induced by illumination, animals were maintained in the dark for 30 minutes and thereafter in the light(illumination 500 lux) for another 30 minutes, during which records were taken every two minutes. In normal eyes, the potential decreased during dark adaptation, and its maximum decrease(about 35%) was attained about 24 minutes. When the eye was exposed to illumination, potential increased, the maximum increase (30%) occurred at 18 minutes. Light peak-dark trough ratio was over 1.4 in all eyes and 1.6 on the average. When the dark-adapted retina was illuminated, EOG amplitude showed a rapid, transient rise followed by a slight fall, with the subsequent light rise. After administration of sodium iodate(20mg./kg.) fall of potential during dark adaptation and rise during light adaptation decreased in its magnitude, accompanied by shortening of dark trough time and light peak time. The light peak-dark trough ratio showed moderate diminution (between 1.2 and 1.3). At the beginning of light adaptation, potential fell transiently followed by continuous slow rise. In eyes treated by sodium iodoacetate (20mg./kg.) potential alterations due to illumination diminished as in eyes treated with sodium iodate. The base-value remained almost unchanged. From these observation, it became clear that the standing potential originated mainly from pigment epithelium, and that the presence of intact visual cells was responsible for alterations induced by level of illumination.
Adaptation, Ocular ; Animals ; Dark Adaptation ; Electrooculography ; Epithelium ; Iodoacetic Acid ; Lighting ; Rabbits* ; Retina ; Sodium

Osteoarthritis is a prevalent global joint disease, which is characterized by inflammatory reaction and cartilage degradation. Cyasterone, a sterone derived from the roots of Cyathula officinalis Kuan, exerts protective effect against several inflammation-related diseases. However, its effect on osteoarthritis remains unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the potential anti-osteoarthritis activity of cyasterone. Primary chondrocytes isolated from rats induced by interleukin (IL)-1β and a rat model stimulated by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) were used for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively. The results of in vitro experiments showed that cyasterone apparently counteracted chondrocyte apoptosis, increased the expression of collagen II and aggrecan, and restrained the production of the inflammatory factors inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5), metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), and metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) induced by IL-1β in chondrocytes. Furthermore, cyasterone ameliorated the inflammation and degenerative progression of osteoarthritis potentially by regulating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. For in vivo experiments, cyasterone significantly alleviated the inflammatory response and cartilage destruction of rats induced by monosodium iodoacetate, where dexamethasone was used as the positive control. Overall, this study laid a theoretical foundation for developing cyasterone as an effective agent for the alleviation of osteoarthritis.
Animals ; Rats ; Chondrocytes ; NF-kappa B ; Iodoacetic Acid ; Inflammation ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Apoptosis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of energy metabolism at the cellular level on the expression of the water channel protein aquaporin 1 (AQP1).

METHODSBalb/c mouse fibroblasts were incubated with iodoacetamide (IA) in vitro, and the changes in AQP1 expression were detected by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry at 0, 4, and 6 h.

RESULTSIA induced the expression of AQP1 at 4 and 6 h accompanied with cell death. Reverse transcription PCR showed an increased expression of AQP1 mRNA in the cells. AQP1 expression was also upregulated by the inhibitor of microtubule and cytochrome C oxidase.

CONCLUSIONA pretranslational regulation occurs in IA-induced AQP1 expression in mouse fibroblasts, and the up-regulated AQP1 accumulation is characterized by mitochondria-related energy dependence.

Animals ; Aquaporin 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Energy Metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; metabolism ; Iodoacetamide ; pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mitochondria ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; drug effects

In order to investigate the changes in the scotopic and photopic ERG induced by the acJrninistrations of retino-toxic agents, 30mg/kg of body weight of sodium iodate and sodium iodoacetate were given in albino rabbits intravenously. Animals were anesthetized with intra venous urethane injection (1.5g/kg) and the pupils were dilated with atropine. The eye was stimulated with a single light flash (800 lux at the animals eye) of 200 msec duration. Prior to the recording of the scotopic ERG, animals were preadapted to light of 150 lux for 30 minutes. During dark adaptation, b-potential increased rapidly for the first 6-8 minutes followed by slow augmentation in normal eye. On the cessation of dark adaptation, b-potential dropped immediately, its decrease amounting up to 80% of the maximal potential attained during dark adaptation. By the administration of sodium iodate, c-wave disappeared immediately accompanied by apparent increase in the slow cornea-negative potential. No changes were noted in the b-potential during the first hour after iodate. Slow recovery phase during dark adaptation disappeared. Thereafter, b-potential diminished progressively with deepening of the slow negative wave. In some cases, b-wave almost extinguished 3 hours after iodate, and in another cases, some recovery of the b-wave was noted 48 hours after iodate administration. Iodoacetate produced immediate fall of b-potential with slow decrease of negative potential which progressed to the complete disappearance of the whole ERG responses. In some cases, b-wave reappeared 5 hours after iodoacetate, with prolongation of its duration. At 24-48 hours after the administration, no electrical response to light stimulus was elicited. From the obtained ERG findings, it can be deduced that the functions of the pigment epithelium could be disturbed secondary to the degenerations of visual cells. No correlation could be demonstrated between the ERG changes and the EOG changes after administration the toxic agents. Histological examinations of eyes at various intervals after administrations of retinotoxic agents revealed the degenerations of the pigment epithelium, sensory organelles of the visual cells and inflammatory changes in the choroid by iodate; and destruction of visual cells with preservations of the pigment epithelium by iodoacetate.
Animals ; Atropine ; Body Weight ; Choroid ; Dark Adaptation ; Electrooculography ; Epithelium ; Iodoacetic Acid ; Organelles ; Pupil ; Rabbits ; Retinal Degeneration* ; Retinaldehyde* ; Sodium ; Urethane