PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare 1% chlorhexidine-gluconate/61% ethanol (CHG/Ethanol) emollient and 7.5% povidone-iodine (PVI) scrub for antimicrobial,residual effect, and skin condition. METHOD: CHG/Ethanol emollient hand hygiene was performed waterless, and brushless by operating doctors and nurses (N=20). PVI hand washing was performed with water and a brush (N=20) for 5 min. The subjects were asked to press their left hand in hand-shaped agar before a surgical scrub, immediately after a surgical scrub and after the operation. The amount of isolated microorganisms were calculated by counting the number of divided areas(1 X 1 cm, 160 cell) which were culture positive in the hand culture plate. The skin condition was evaluated. RESULT: The antimicrobial count of CHG/Ethanol emollient and PVI immediately post surgical scrub was 0.0 vs. 4.1 (p>.05), and after the operation was 0.1 vs. 37.8 (p>.05)respectively. The Residual effect of CHG/Ethanol emollient immediately post surgical scrub and after the operation were 0.0 vs. 0.1 (p>.05), and PVI were 4.1 vs. 37.8 (p>.05)respectively. The skin condition and satisfaction of CHG/Ethanol emollient was higher than PVI (p<.05). CONCLUSION: The antimicrobial effect between CHG/Ethanol emollient and PVI were the same. Considering skin condition, satisfaction and allergic reaction CHG/Ethanol emollient for surgical scrub is recommended in Korea.
Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/pharmacology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Ethanol/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Female ; Handwashing ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Povidone-Iodine/chemistry/*pharmacology

Sensitivity to commercial teat dips (nonoxinol-9 iodine complex and chlorhexidine digluconate) of 56 Staphylococcus (S.) aureus strains isolated from quarter milk samples of various German dairy herds treated with different teat dipping schemes was investigated in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined using a broth macrodilution method according to the German Veterinary Association guidelines. The main objective of the current study was to induce in vitro resistance induction of S. aureus to chemical disinfectants. Ten different strains were repeatedly passed ten times in growth media with sub-lethal concentrations of disinfectants. Nine strains showed a significant reduction in susceptibility to the nonoxinol-9 iodine complex but only one strain developed resistance to chlorhexidine digluconate. Stability of the acquired resistance was observed in all S. aureus strains adapted to the nonoxinol-9 iodine complex and chlorhexidine digluconate. In contrast, simultaneous resistance to different antibiotics was not observed in any of the ten investigated S. aureus strains. However, the isolates exhibited a high degree of resistance to penicillin G. Based on these results, resistance of S. aureus to chemical disinfectants may be more likely to develop if the chemicals are used at concentrations lower than that required for an optimal biocidal effect.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Chlorhexidine/*pharmacology ; Disinfectants/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; Germany/epidemiology ; Iodine/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Nonoxynol/*pharmacology ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/*veterinary ; Staphylococcus aureus/classification/*drug effects

Using three-dimensional printing to produce antibacterial wound dressing is a new topic that will change the production style of wound dressing industry. Combining with post-3D-printed process, a desktop fused deposition molding equipment can be used to produce wound dressing containing polyvinyl alcohol, alginate and chitosan. The wound dressing produced by FDM has good aspects of absorbency, moisture vapour transmission rate and mechanical property. After loaded with antibacterial agent iodine and silver nano particle, the antibacterial activity rate increases to 99% and it is suitable to use as antibacterial wound dressing. This method affects the production of wound dressing to a more cost-effective way, and provides a possible individualized treatment for patient in the future.
Alginates ; chemistry ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; Bacteria ; drug effects ; Bandages ; economics ; standards ; Chitosan ; chemistry ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Nanoparticles ; administration & dosage ; Polyvinyl Alcohol ; chemistry ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Silver ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Wound Healing

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of iodine supplementation on infant mortality and growth in Xinjiang.

METHODSUrine iodine, height and head circumference (HC) of children aged 5 years in two townships was measured before and yearly after iodine supplementation of irrigation water. Height and HC were expressed as Z scores (United States children used as the reference group). Neonatal and infant mortality rates were obtained from official records in three counties from 1988 to 1999, and analyzed by a logistic regression model.

RESULTSThe odds ratio of infant mortality decreased 56.49% and neonatal mortality 65.71% respectively after iodination; there was no significant difference in the odds ratio of infant or neonatal mortality between experimental and control areas without iodination. In Langru township, the mean height of 5 year-old children increased from 95 cm in 1992 to 106.9 cm in 1998 - 1999, and HC from 48.4 cm to 50.5 cm. Median urine iodine increased from <10 to 176 micro g/L. In Bakechi township, mean height increased from 91 cm in 1993 to 106.5 cm in 1998 - 1999, HC from 48.7 to 49.6 cm, and median urine iodine from 39 to 138 micro g/L.

CONCLUSIONIn Xinjiang, adequate iodine treatment markedly decreased infant and neonatal mortality, and largely preventing stunting of height and HC in children.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Body Height ; drug effects ; Child ; Child Development ; drug effects ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Mortality ; trends ; Iodine ; analysis ; pharmacology ; urine ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Plants ; chemistry ; Soil ; analysis ; Thyroid Gland ; chemistry ; Time Factors ; Water ; chemistry

VPAC2 is a co-receptor of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and mediates multiple bio-functions. In order to construct the CHO line expressing VPAC2 stably, pcDNA-VPAC2 was used to transfect CHO cells. The positive clones were selected by G418 and the clone VPAC2-CHO with high sensitivity to PACAP38 was picked out by its ability to promoting the concentration of cAMP. RT-PCR, Western blot and Immunofluorescenece assay were used to identify the express of VPACS. Binding competition with VPAC2 agonist and the bioactivity of mediating the ligand to promote the concentration of cAMP showed that VPAC2 was expressed effectively in VPAC2-CHO. The results of Scatchard analysis revealed that VAPC2-CHO expressed a receptor density of (1.1 +/- 0.2) pmol/mg protein, respectively, with Kd values of (0.55 +/- 0.10) nmol/L for PACAP38 used as a tracer. The construction of CHO cells expressing VPAC2 specially and functionally lays a foundation not only for the further research on the characters and functions of VPAC2 but also for the screening and characterization of novel agonists of antagonists for VPAC2.
Animals ; Binding, Competitive ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; Cyclic AMP ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; chemistry ; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II ; agonists ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Transfection

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and it has a poor prognosis and few therapeutic options. Radiotherapy is one of the most effective forms of cancer treatment, and P53 protein is one of the key molecules determining how a cell responds to radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of iodine-131 in three human HCC cell lines. METHODS: Western blotting was used to measure P53 expression. The effects of radiotherapy with iodine-131 were assessed by using the clonogenic assay to evaluate cell survival. Flow cytometry was carried out to examine the effects of iodine-131 on cell death, oxidative stress, reduced intracellular glutathione expression, the mitochondrial membrane potential, and the cell cycle. RESULTS: The P53 protein was not expressed in Hep3B2.1-7 cells, was expressed at normal levels in HepG2 cells, and was overexpressed in HuH7 cells. P53 expression in the HuH7 and HepG2 cell lines increased after internal and external irradiation with iodine-131. Irradiation induced a decrease in cell survival and led to a decrease in cell viability in all of the cell lines studied, accompanied by cell death via late apoptosis/necrosis and necrosis. Irradiation with 131-iodine induced mostly cell-cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that P53 plays a key role in the radiotherapy response of HCC.
Apoptosis/*radiation effects ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism/pathology/radiotherapy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/radiation effects ; *Gamma Rays ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Hep G2 Cells ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes/chemistry/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Liver Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology/radiotherapy ; Phosphorylation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism

Binding activity and biologic effect of a novel alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue were tested on cells transiently expressing the human melanocortin-1 (MC1), MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors. The human MC1 and MC5 receptor genes were cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3. 1/ myc-his(-) B. The vectors were transferred to HEK-293 cells by the calcium phosphate method. Stable receptor populations were generated using G418 selection (900 microg x mL(-1)) for subsequent bioassay analysis. K(i) values of the novel alpha-MSH analogue for MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors were obtained in competition with [125I]-NDP-MSH for binding studies. The cyclic AMP level was tested by using [3H]-cyclic AMP kit. It is showed that K(i) values of the novel alpha-MSH analogue for MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors were (0.159 +/- 0.040), (35.430 +/- 6.743), (19.293 +/- 2.780) and (2.230 +/- 0.670) nmol L(-1), respectively. Its EC50 values for MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors were (0.45 +/- 0.07), (7.80 +/- 0.65), (2.55 +/- 0.23) and (0.33 +/- 0.09) nmol L(-1), respectively. In these tests, the novel alpha-MSH analogue is a MC1R and MC5R selective agonist.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Binding, Competitive ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cyclic AMP ; metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmids ; genetics ; Radioligand Assay ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 ; agonists ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Corticotropin ; agonists ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, Melanocortin ; agonists ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection ; Tritium ; alpha-MSH ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; metabolism ; pharmacology

BACKGROUNDThe failure of hormone treatment for advanced prostate cancer might be related to aberrant activation of the androgen receptor. We have shown that (125)I labeled triple-helix forming oligonucleotide (TFO) against the androgen receptor gene inhibits androgen receptor expression and cell proliferation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vitro. This study aimed at exploring the effects of the (125)I-TFO on prostate tumor growth in vivo using a nude mouse xenograft model.

METHODSTFO was labeled with (125)I by the iodogen method. Thirty-two nude mice bearing LNCaP xenograft tumors were randomized into 4 groups and were intratumorally injected with (125)I-TFO, unlabeled TFO, Na(125)I and normal saline. Tumor size was measured weekly. The tumor growth inhibition rate (RI) was calculated by measurement of tumor weight. The expression of the androgen receptor gene was performed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical study. The prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The tumor cell apoptosis index (AI) was detected by TUNEL assay.

RESULTSTumor measurements showed that tumor development was significantly inhibited by either (125)I-TFO or TFO, with tumor RIs of 50.79% and 32.80% respectively. (125)I-TFO caused greater inhibition of androgen receptor expression and higher AIs in tumor tissue than TFO. Both the tumor weight and the PSA serum levels in (125)I-TFO treated mice ((0.93 +/- 0.15) g and (17.43 +/- 1.85) ng/ml, respectively) were significantly lower than those ((1.27 +/- 0.21) g and (28.25 +/- 3.41) ng/ml, respectively) in TFO treated mice (all P < 0.05). Na(125)I did not significantly affect tumor growth and androgen receptor expression in tumor tissue.

CONCLUSIONSThe (125)I-TFO can effectively inhibit androgen receptor expression and tumor growth of human prostate cancer xenografts in vivo. The inhibitory efficacy of (125)I-TFO is more potent than that of TFO, providing a reference for future studies of antigen radiotherapy.

Androgen Receptor Antagonists ; Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Oligonucleotides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; blood ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Receptors, Androgen ; genetics ; metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Tumor Burden ; drug effects ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays ; methods