OBJECTIVE: To study the radition injury of tracheal mucous membrane tissue after interstitial implanted radioactive 125I in normal rabbit,improve the safety of clinical application. METHOD: Sixty New Zealand rabbits, weighing 2.15-2.30 kg, were randomly divided into 1 w, 1 m, 2 m, 4 m and the control group, the control group was further divided into four subgroups. The 0.8mCi 125I seeds were implanted into the tissue by the first tracheal ring in the treatment groups and nonradioactive seeds were implanted in the control group. Taking the tracheal mucous membrane tissue for pathological examination by HE staining to observe the mucosal injury and VEGF, Pan-Cadherin immunohistochemical staining to observe the expression in differernt time. RESULT: Immunohistochemical staining: VEGF and Pan-Cadherin have statistically significant differences in the expression on different time, the expression is dynamic. CONCLUSION The expression of VEGF and Pan-Cadherin reflect the radioactive 125I seed has little influence on normal trachea tissue and the damage can be repaired by the regeneration of the basal cell.
Animals ; Brachytherapy ; adverse effects ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; adverse effects ; Rabbits ; Radiation Injuries ; pathology ; Trachea ; pathology ; radiation effects

OBJECTIVETo lessen the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), the preventive measures of CIN were reviewed.

DATA SOURCESThe data used in this review were from PubMed with relevant English articles and from Chinese Knowledge Information (CNKI) published from 1989 to 2009. The search terms were "contrast medium", "contrast-induced nephropathy" and "prevention". Articles involved in prevention of CIN were selected.

STUDY SELECTIONCIN is the third most common cause of acute kidney injury and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. The best treatment is prophylaxis because CIN can not be reversed or ameliorated.

RESULTSThirty articles were included. Among various preventive measures, pericatheterization hydration is almost universally accepted as an appropriate and safe measure to prevent CIN, although there is no agreement as to composition, amount, and timing of hydration. Based on the use of concomitant nephrotoxic agents or high doses of contrast medium (CM) is one of risk factors for CIN, discontinuation of potentially nephrotoxic drugs 2 - 3 days before and after the procedure until renal function recover, and using the lowest possible dose of CM can decrease the risk of CIN. It is promising that removing the majority of CM from the coronary sinus, before it enters the systemic circulation, during coronary angiography can reduce the risk for CIN in animal studies and in limited clinical trials. Inconsistent data exist with respect to application of some vasodilators (endothelin antagonists and adenosine antagonists) and antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and statins) in preventing CIN in high-risk patients, and new vasodilators and antioxidants continue to be tested.

CONCLUSIONSPericatheterization hydration, discontinuation of nephrotoxic drugs, and using the lowest possible dose of CM are effective measures to lessen the risk for CIN. Other prophylactic strategies and some drugs are promising, but further confirmation is required.

Contrast Media ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Iodine ; adverse effects ; Kidney Diseases ; chemically induced ; prevention & control

Angiography ; China ; Consensus ; Contrast Media/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Iodine/adverse effects*

BACKGROUND: More than 75 million procedures with intravascular iodine-based contrast media (ICM) are performed worldwide every year, and some patients undergoing these procedures do not have normal thyroid function. The long-term effects of ICM in patients with mild thyroid dysfunction (TD) are unclear. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted in China. Patients with stable angina pectoris with total triiodothyronine (TT3) reduction, normal thyroid-stimulating hormone, and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were enrolled and divided into high-dose (≥100 mL ICM) and low-dose groups (<100 mL ICM). We dynamically investigated the trends in thyroid function, rT3, and thyroid antibodies one year after ICM exposure. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients completed 6 months of follow-up and 149 completed 1 year of follow-up. Thyroglobulin antibody (TGAB) levels were elevated in 41 (26.6%) patients before ICM exposure, 11 (7.1%) of whom also had elevated thyroid peroxidase antibody levels. Transient subclinical TD occurred 6 months after ICM exposure; 75.5% (34/45) of post-operative TD occurred in the high-dose group. One patient developed severe hypothyroidism with myxedema, requiring drug intervention 1 year after ICM exposure. The level of rT3 showed no statistically significant changes during post-operative follow-up ( P  = 0.848). The TGAB level decreased at 6th month ( P  < 0.001), but increased at 1 year after ICM exposure ( P  = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Patients with T3 reduction are at a risk of transient subclinical TD and hypothyroidism after a single large dose of ICM. Follow-up of this population at 9-12 months after ICM exposure is warranted.
Humans ; Contrast Media/adverse effects* ; Prospective Studies ; Hypothyroidism ; Triiodothyronine ; Iodine/adverse effects* ; Thyrotropin ; Thyroxine

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the iodine nutritional status and its relation to iodized salt intake in child islanders.

METHODSA comparing study was carried out in 4 townships selected by random sampling from Dinghai (iodized salt) and Daishan(non-iodized salt) of Zhoushan island and total 592 of children were included in the study. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake of two groups. The correlation of urinary iodine concentration and dietary iodine intake were examined by Spearman correlation test. Ordinal regression was used to analyse the dependent variables of urinary iodine concentration.

RESULTSThe urinary iodine concentration of non-iodized salt district was lower than that in iodized salt district (87 microg/L compared with 150 microg/L, u=7.296, P=0.000) ,whereas the amount of daily iodine intake in the two groups was 34.5 microg/d and 62.3 microg/d (u=6.925, P=0.000). The urinary iodine concentration of 58.6 % children in non-iodized salt district was below 100 microg/L. Age and iodized-salt intake were significant factors in the final regression model (P<0.05) with the OR of 1.119 and 3.238, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe daily dietary iodine intake for children in Zhoushan island is insufficient, the iodized salt prophylaxis is necessary.

Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; urine ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects

Iodine, an essential component of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, is widely but unevenly distributed in the earth's environment. Great difference exists in the iodine nutritional status of populations residing in different region. Both iodine deficiency and iodine excess can injure the thyroid gland. Iodine deficiency tigers endemic goiter, cretinism, and hyperthyroidism, while iodine excess can result in high iodine goiter, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism; also, iodine deficiency or excess may affect the histological type of thyroid cancer. In 1996, China began to implement the universal salt iodization policy, which has basically eliminated the iodine deficiency disorders nationwide; however, it also caused the changes in the spectra of other thyroid diseases including iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroid disease, and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Individualized iodine nutritional status assessment for the populations, particularly those with thyroid diseases, will be beneficial.
China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; deficiency ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; adverse effects ; Thyroid Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology

Deficiency Diseases ; prevention & control ; Goiter ; chemically induced ; Humans ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; deficiency

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy and safety of 125I particle implantation in the treatment of rhabdomysarcoma (RMS) of the head and neck in children.

METHODSEight children (four males and four females) with RMS of the head and neck received 125I particle implantation targeted to the primary lesion area. The primary lesions were noted in eyelids or eyes in two children, in the orbit in four children, and in the nasal cavity or nasal wing in two children. Treatment outcomes and side effects were observed.

RESULTSThe follow-up visits averaged 45±17 months (median 43 months) in the eight children receiving 125I particle implantation. Five children achieved a complete remission, 2 children achieved a complete remission and 1 child died. The total survival rate was 88% in the 8 children. Local pigmentation was observed in all eight children (100%). Nubecula (one case), eyeball pain (one case), serious blurred vision (one case), cornea ulcer and blindness (one case) and bleeding of the nasal cavity (one case) were also observed. Except for nubecula and blindness, these side effects were improved by symptomatic treatment.

CONCLUSIONS125I particle implantation appears to be effective in the treatment of RMS of the head and neck in children. Most treatment-related side effects can be improved by symptomatic treatment.

Adolescent ; Brachytherapy ; adverse effects ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; radiotherapy ; Humans ; Iodine Radioisotopes ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Rhabdomyosarcoma ; radiotherapy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo reveal the relationship between iodine nutrition and the change of spectrum on thyroid diseases through comparing the different iodine environments pre- and post- the universal salt iodization(USI)campaign.

METHODSTo compare the urinary iodine concentration between 1000 normal people and 5998 patients with thyroid disease who had undergone surgical operations, from 4 major cities, including iodine deficient and rich areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

RESULTSAfter USI was put into practice, the urinary iodine concentration of patients with thyroid appeared higher than those of normal people(324.3 µg/L vs. 238.5 µg/L, P < 0.05). The urinary iodine concentrations of nodular goiter,Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis were higher than those before the USI was taken(263.8 µg/L vs. 69.75 µg/L, 289.7 µg/L vs. 228.3 µg/L, 346.8 µg/L vs. 268.4 µg/L, 350.3 µg/L vs. 316.2 µg/L and 378.5 µg/L vs. 305.8 µg/L). The proportions of toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis appeared as 7.59% vs. 4.80%, 5.85% vs. 4.02% and 3.88% vs. 2.46%, all higher than those before the implementation of USI, except the nodular goiter which showed a reduction (63.56% vs. 69.75%).

CONCLUSIONThe spectrum of thyroid diseases appeared an obvious change in Guangxi within the last 10-year implementation of USI. However, the excessive intake of iodine might serve as a risk factor for toxic nodular goiter, thyroid papillary carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Goiter, Endemic ; epidemiology ; Hashimoto Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Iodides ; urine ; Iodine ; adverse effects ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; adverse effects ; Thyroid Diseases ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVE: This multi-center, randomized, double-blind, phase 3 trial was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of contrast agents iohexol-380 and iohexol-350 for coronary CT angiography in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Volunteers were randomized to receive 420 mgI/kg of either iohexol-350 or iohexol-380 using a flow rate of 4 mL/sec. All adverse events were recorded. Two blinded readers independently reviewed the CT images and conflicting results were resolved by a third reader. Luminal attenuations (ascending aorta, left main coronary artery, and left ventricle) in Hounsfield units (HUs) and image quality on a 4-point scale were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 225 subjects were given contrast media (115 with iohexol-380 and 110 with iohexol-350). There was no difference in number of adverse drug reactions between groups: 75 events in 56 (48.7%) of 115 subjects in the iohexol-380 group vs. 74 events in 51 (46.4%) of 110 subjects in the iohexol-350 group (p = 0.690). No severe adverse drug reactions were recorded. Neither group showed an increase in serum creatinine. Significant differences in mean density between the groups was found in the ascending aorta: 375.8 ± 71.4 HU with iohexol-380 vs. 356.3 ± 61.5 HU with iohexol-350 (p = 0.030). No significant differences in image quality scores between both groups were observed for all three anatomic evaluations (all, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Iohexol-380 provides improved enhancement of the ascending aorta and similar attenuation of the coronary arteries without any increase in adverse drug reactions, as compared with iohexol-350 using an identical amount of total iodine.
Angiography* ; Aorta ; Contrast Media ; Coronary Vessels ; Creatinine ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Image Enhancement ; Iodine ; Phenobarbital ; Volunteers