OBJECTIVETo modify and optimize gas chromatographic conditions, qualitative and quantitative method on the base of the actual national standard detection method for drinking water on testing iodide with gas chromatography, and detect iodide in drinking water of Shanghai.

METHODSIodobutane derivative was identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, then two capillary columns coupled to electron capture detector were made by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Finally, 100 ml water samples were collected respectively from raw water and finished water of three plants in which water sources were Yangtse river, Huangpu river, and inner river respectively and detected by this developed method.

RESULTSThe results of mass spectrometry showed that iodide would form iodobutane which could generate 1-iodo-2-butanone and 3-iodo-2-butanone isomers by derivatization. The data of qualitative analysis by two capillary columns revealed that iodobutane was separated completely and the total time of chromatogram separation was 19.33 min.3-iodo-2-butanone with the high response value was selected to quantitatively analyse. The linear range was 1 - 100 µg/L, and the coefficient of determination (r(2)) was 0.9997. The limit of detection was 13 ng/L. Recoveries were between 97.68% and 104.37%, and relative standard deviations were between 2.14% and 4.41%. The results of iodide detected by this method in raw water and finished water in three plants in Shanghai showed that the ranking of iodide's concentration in raw water was Huangpu river (15.14 µg/L) > inner river (6.97 µg/L) > Yangtse river (3.55 µg/L). The level of iodide in finished water of plant 1 (3.55 µg/L and 5.92 µg/L for raw and finished water respectively) and 3 (6.97 µg/L and 9.62 µg/L for raw and finished water respectively) increased slightly except for plant 2 (15.14 µg/L and 1.81 µg/L for raw and finished water respectively). The relative standard deviations of all water samples measured in duplicate were less than 9.73%.

CONCLUSIONThe improved method possesses higher degree of sensitivity and accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis than actual national standard detection method, and it is fit for trace analysis of iodide in water.

China ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Iodides ; analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; analysis ; Water Supply ; analysis

The Drinking Water Sanitation Standard (GB 5749-2022) has been officially promulgated and implemented, with the iodide listed as a new reference indicator for water quality. This study interprets the distribution of iodine in environmental media, the impact of water iodine on health, the significance of establishing iodide standard limits, and the use of iodide standard limits, in order to provide a scientific basis for the application of iodide standard limits in this revised standard.
Humans ; Water Quality ; Iodides/analysis* ; Drinking Water ; Iodine ; China ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis*

The main physiological role of iodine in the body is to synthesize thyroid hormone. Both iodine deficiency and iodine excess can lead to severe thyroid diseases. While its role in thyroid diseases has increasingly been recognized, few relevant platforms and techniques for iodine detection have been available in China. This paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of currently iodine detection methods including direct titration, arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry, chromatography with pulsed amperometry, colorimetry based on automatic biochemistry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, so as to optimize the iodine nutrition for patients with thyroid diseases.
Humans ; Iodides ; analysis ; Iodine ; analysis ; metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Spectrophotometry ; Thyroid Diseases ; diagnosis ; Titrimetry

OBJECTIVETo assess the iodine status of pregnant women, lactating women and babies and to understand if iodized salt as the main iodine source had met the need of people's demand in regions where iodized salt coverage rate had been over 90%, for the last five years.

METHODSPregnant and lactating women, newborns and babies were selected randomly in region where iodized salt coverage rate had been more than 90%, for the five years. Urine iodine levels of pregnant and lactating women, newborns and babies, milk iodine of lactating women and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) of newborns were measured.

RESULTSThe median urinary iodine (MUI) of people other than those recently pregnant women, had reached the MUI criterion recommended by WHO with the results as 174.18, 180.37, 147.42, 126.27, 145.26 microg/L, respectively. The percentage of TSH>5 pIU/ml of newborns was 14.5%. The median milk iodine of lactating women were in the range of 100-200 microg/L. The percentage of milk iodine < 150 microg/L of early lactating women was less than that of late lactating women (P < 0.01). There was a good correlation between urine iodine of babies and milk iodine of lactating women. The abnormal TSH of women was 15.4%. The abnormal TSH mainly existed in women whose urinary iodine level were lower than 150 microg/L.

CONCLUSIONIodized salt as the main iodine source could basically meet the need of pregnant women, lactating women and babies whose diet structure was simple in the region. However, some people in the area were still under the status of iodine deficiency suggesting that surveillance should be enhanced in people who need more iodine and efficient measures, should be taken.

Adult ; China ; Female ; Goiter ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Iodides ; analysis ; urine ; Iodine ; administration & dosage ; Milk, Human ; chemistry ; Nutritional Status ; Population Surveillance ; methods ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimesters ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary ; administration & dosage ; Thyrotropin ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo explore the appropriate strategies which are suitable for the areas with diverse health and economic resource settings in China by estimating the life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of several cervical cancer screening strategies.

METHODSMarkov model was used to calculate the long-term effectiveness, utility, benefit and cost among screened and unscreened cohorts in rural and urban areas, and then analyses of cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and cost-benefit were performed. The assessed screening strategies were acetic acid of visual inspection combined with Lugol's iodine staining (VIA/VILI), conventional Pap smear and simple HPV DNA testing (careHPV) in rural areas, and conventional Pap smear, simple HPV DNA testing (careHPV), HPV DNA testing (HC2) and liquid-based cytology (LBC) alone or combined with HPV DNA testing (LBC+HC2) in urban areas. We estimated the life outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the above screening strategies at one-year, 3-year and 5-year intervals.

RESULTSAll of the screening strategies were effective to decrease cervical cancer mortality and to increase life years, with a trend of shorter screening interval having better effectiveness. However, no matter in urban or rural areas, compared with careHPV testing at 5-year interval, the costs of other screening strategies were 1.28 - 13.86 folds, 1.31 - 14.14 folds, and 1.27 - 12.80 folds higher to avoid one death, to save a year of life, and a QALY, and the benefit per cost of other screening strategies was 9.9%-90.2%.

CONCLUSIONScareHPV testing at 5-year interval has the best cost-effectiveness performance and the highest benefit-cost ratio with the moderate life outcomes. It is the optimal cervical cancer screening strategy to be generalized in our country. careHPV testing at 3 years interval can be considered in more developed areas to achieve better effectiveness.

Acetic Acid ; Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; economics ; epidemiology ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Cytological Techniques ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Early Detection of Cancer ; economics ; methods ; Female ; Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests ; Humans ; Iodides ; Markov Chains ; Mass Screening ; economics ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Papanicolaou Test ; Quality-Adjusted Life Years ; Rural Population ; Urban Population ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; economics ; epidemiology ; virology ; Vaginal Smears