BACKGROUND: Plasma clearance of iohexol (Omnipaque(r)) which used widely in radiologic procedure is considered as useful method for estimation of GFR because iohexol is neither reabsorbed nor secreted from tubule after filtered as inulin and its extrarenal clearance is negligible. Plasma clearance of iohexol can be calculated from two compartment model or one compartment model with Brochner-Mortensen (B-M) modification which convenient and reliable. But there were controversies about sufficient sampling numbers and times for B-M modification of iohexol clearance. METHODS: Nineteen healthy Korean without renal disease underwent measurement of iohexol clearance. Iohexol was given as a single iv dose, and 14 blood sample were drawn up to 300 min. A reference GFR was iohexol clearance calculated from two-compartment model using 14 samples (CL-T). From 8, 3 and 2 samples clearances were calculated by B-M modification (CL-M8, 3 and 2 respectively). The accuracy of estimates was evaluated as percent of estimates falling within 10% above or below the reference GFR. Accuracy of CCr and equations for GFR estimation were also compared. RESULTS: CL-T, CL-M8, CL-M3 and CL-M2 were not different (101.9+/-24.0, 101.9+/-18.7, 101.7+/-18.6, 101.9+/-19.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 respectively). Accuracy of CL-M8, 3 and 2 were not different (74%, 84% and 79% respectively, p>0.05). MDRD equation had higher accuracy (47%) compared with other equations. CONCIUSION: These results indicate that sampling number for measuring iohexol plasma clearance using simplified method might be reduced to only two without accuracy loss in Korean without renal disease.
Inulin ; Iohexol* ; Plasma*

Objectives: Probiotic supplementation often only leads to transient improvement in the gut microbiome. Potential prebiotics, such as the oligosaccharide-rich varieties of Dioscorea esculenta tubers, can potentially bridge the gap between supplementation and persistent colonization. Thus, this study aimed to assess the ability of D. esculenta tubers to promote the growth of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. in vitro selectively.

Methods: The prebiotic activity of the selected varieties of Dioscorea esculenta tubers was evaluated via compe titive growth assay, wherein the ratios of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. over enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or "prebiotic ratios" were compared following treatment.

Results: Negative control (0.9% NaCl solution) produced a ratio of 0.88, Lowland and Highland varieties produced ratios of 1.26 and 1.29, respectively, and positive control (inulin) produced 1.54. The two varieties had comparable ratios to one another (p > 0.05), and significantly higher ratios than the negative control (p < 0.05). Both varieties have significant prebiotic activity. Compared to inulin, the two varieties' prebiotic activity was 84% as effective.

Conclusion: Overall, the tubers promoted the growth of Lactobacillus sp. over ETEC. The crude tuber samples, given their availability and affordability, can be easily integrated into the local diet to contribute to the improvement of the general population's health.

The idea of body compartments has its origins in physiology and antedates their use in both physiologically-based predictive pharmacokinetic models and in the simpler compartmental models used to analyze pharmacokinetic data. Whereas physiologically-based pharmacokinetics has evolved to use increasingly sophisticated organ-based models, most compartmental models for data analysis are used without regard for their underlying physiological basis. However, detailed analysis of inulin and urea kinetics has offered some understanding of the physiological basis underlying some three-compartment pharmacokinetic models. In addition, these simple models have yielded new insight into physiological phenomena.
Inulin ; Kinetics ; Pharmacokinetics ; Physiological Phenomena ; Physiology ; Statistics as Topic ; Urea

Applying the constant infusion method for eight males, series of three or four clearance periods for each subject were followed by the measurement of Inulin space. The subjects had lower hematocrit values ranging between 20.4 and 43.0%. They gave frequent blood donations over several years and were in a state of chronic post-hemorrhagic anemia. Inulin in plasma and urine was treated with the resorcinol method. The following results were obtained. 1. Subjects with lower hematocrit value showed lower value of renal inulin clearance. Both of them correlated each other . 2. Subjects with the hematocrit value of less than 30% showed a renal clearance value of 89ml/ min/1.73 square meter. 3. Inulin space also had correlation with the hematocrit value. Inulin clearance was great with the subject whose inulin space had expanded.
Anemia ; Blood Donors ; Hematocrit ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Inulin* ; Male ; Plasma

Some authors have claimed that the endogenous creatinine chromogen clearance method may profitable be used in the measurement of glomerular filtration rate which is usually represented by inulin clearance method (Popper and Mandel, Popper Mandel and Mayer, Findley, Goudsmit, Hayman, Halsted and Seyler, Steinitz and Turkand). The obvious advantages of using the of the former are: it does not require continuous intravenous infusion, frequent withdrawal of blood, and elaborate analytical procedures. In the work presented here, whole blood creatinine concentration in 167 cases and endogenous blood creatinine clearance in 155 cases and both plasma creatinine concentration and endogenous plasma creatinine clearance in 41 cases, of the normal Korean subjects were determined. Also in a group of 13 cases 74 endogenous blood creatinine clearance tests were performed repeatedly during the period of two to seven days.
Creatinine* ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Infusions, Intravenous ; Inulin ; Plasma

As a type of prebiotics and dietary fiber, inulin performs plenty of significant physiological functions and is applied in food and pharmaceutical fields. Inulosucrase from microorganisms can use sucrose as the substrate to synthesize inulin possessing higher molecular weight than that from plants. In this work, a hypothetical gene coding inulosucrase was selected from the GenBank database. The catalytic domain was remained by N- and C- truncation strategies, constructing the recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was expressed in E. coli expression system, and after purifying the crude enzyme by Ni²⁺ affinity chromatography, a recombinant enzyme with a molecular weight of approximately 65 kDa was obtained. The optimal pH and temperature of the recombinant enzyme were 5.5 and 45 °C, respectively, when sucrose was used as the sole substrate. The activity of this enzyme was inhibited by various metal ions at different degrees. After purifying the produced polysaccharide, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was used to determine that the polysaccharide was inulin connected by β-(2,1) linkages. Finally, the conditions for the production of inulin were optimized. The results showed that the inulin production reached the maximum, approximately 287 g/L after 7 h, when sucrose concentration and enzyme dosage were 700 g/L and 4 U/mL, respectively. The conversion rate from sucrose to inulin was approximately 41%.
Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Hexosyltransferases/genetics* ; Inulin ; Oligosaccharides ; Sucrose

Effect of partial ligation of the abdominal aorta on the glomerular filtration rate (inulin clearance) was observed in 17 male rabbits. Abdominal aorta was ligated to one-half of its original lumen at the level just above branching of the right renal artery under nembutal anesthesia. Seventeen rabbits were observed 30 minutes before the partial ligation, 30 minutes and 90 minutes after the partial ligation. The following results were obtained. 1. Inulin clearance observed 30 minutes before ligation was 1.02+/-0.90 ml/min (Mean+/-S. D.) or 0.52+/-0.46 ml/min/kg in average. 2. Inulin clearance observed 30 minutes after ligation was decreased markedly to 0.46+/-0.58ml/min or 0.23+/-0.29 ml/min/kg in average. 3. Inulin clearance observed 90 minutes after ligation was decreased-slightly to 0.77+/-0.79ml/min or 0.40+/-0.38ml/min/kg in average, suggesting that its findings were occurred by autoregulatory process of the kidney.
Anesthesia ; Aorta, Abdominal* ; Glomerular Filtration Rate* ; Humans ; Inulin ; Kidney ; Ligation* ; Male ; Pentobarbital ; Rabbits ; Renal Artery

1. The saturated solution of starch, inulin and lactose could not inhibit the growth in media of monilia albicans. Trichophyton interdigitable and alternaria species. 2. In the cultivation findings of monilia albicans shows imperfect or dysfigured elementary pattern in saturated maltose, mannitol and ruffinose media, and was inhibited the growth by sucrose and dextrose lotion. 3. Saturated mannitol solution inhibit growth of trichophyton interdigitable strain and mannitol and dextrose inhibit the alternaria cultivation.
Alternaria ; Candida ; Fungi* ; Glucose ; Inulin ; Lactose ; Maltose ; Mannitol ; Saccharum* ; Starch ; Sucrose ; Trichophyton

Consolidated bioprocessing technology can be used for Kluyveromyces marxianus YX01 to produce ethanol from Jerusalem artichoke, which is one of the potential processes to produce biofuel from non-cereal crops. In this study, we combined the aeration rate with the substrate concentration to conduct cross-over experiments for K. marxinaus YX01, and studied ethanol fermentation and the influence of inulin enzyme activity. The substrate concentration had a little repressive effect on ethanol productivity. When substrate concentration reached 250 g/L under anaerobic conditions, ethanol concentration was 84.8 g/L, and ethanol yield was reduced from 86.4% (50 g/L substrate concentration) to 84.7% of the theoretical value. Aeration rate could accelerate K. marxinaus YX01 ethanol fermentation, but reduced ethanol yield. When substrate concentration reached 250 g/L under aeration at 1.0 vvm, ethanol yield was reduced from 84.7% under anaerobic conditions to 73.3% of the theoretical value. With increased concentration of the carbon source and reduced aeration rate, the inulinase of K. marxinaus YX01 reduced and the concentration of glycerol increased, however, the acetic acid increased with the increased concentration of the carbon source and aeration rate. When substrate concentration reached 250 g/L under anaerobic conditions, inulinase activity was only 6.59 U/mL; when substrate concentration reached 50 g/L under aeration at 1.0 vvm, inulinase activity was 21.54 U/mL.
Ethanol ; metabolism ; Fermentation ; Glycoside Hydrolases ; metabolism ; Helianthus ; metabolism ; Inulin ; metabolism ; Kluyveromyces ; classification ; metabolism ; Substrate Specificity

The permeability of rabbit corneal endothelium stored at 4 degrees C in M-K medium for period of 3, 5, 9 and 14 days to radioactive sucrose(molecular weight 360), inulin (molecular weight 5,200), and dextran (morecular weight 82,400) was measured. The corneal endothelium stored in M-K medium up to 14 days was examined with light and electron microscope. The endothelial permeability to non-electrolytes was decreased according to the molecular weight of these increased. The permeability of fresh cornea to suerose was about 4 times greater than to inulin and 50 times than to dextran, but in M-K medium stored groups the permeability to sucrose was about 2.5 times greater than to inulin and 36 times than to dextran. The permeability of M-K medium preserved cornea for 14 days was significantly different from that of fresh corneal endothelium. The light and electron microscopic findings of 3, 5 and 9 days stored corneal endothelium were almost normal except of early changes of mitochondria, but in the 14 days-stored groups there were marked degenerative change of cytoplasm and nucleus were noted.
Cornea ; Cytoplasm ; Dextrans ; Endothelium, Corneal* ; Inulin ; Mitochondria ; Molecular Weight ; Permeability* ; Sucrose