Bacterial endophthalmitis is an ocular emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and therapeutic decision making. The introdection of intravitreal injection of antibiotics has been a major advancement because it has resulted in a marked improvement in visual outcome. The intravitreal injection of steroids may be potentially useful in the treatment of endophthalmitis and other ocular inflammatory diseases. Forty eyes of pigmented rabbits were used, and divided into two groups. Group I was eyes without vitrectomy. In the right eye, 100 microliter of 1mgvancomycin, 400 microliter amikacin and 400 microliter dexamethasone injected was done. Group II was eyes with vitrectomy and lensectomy. At 2 weeks after lens and vitreous removal, rabbit eyes received an injection of a combination of 1mg vancomycin, 400 microliter amikacin and 400 microliter dexamethasone in right eye and BSS in left eye. The effect of combination injection was examined by light and transmission, scanning electron microscope at 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks and 6 weeks following injection. The injection of combination without vitrectomy produced no toxicity. After injections of either combination or BSS after vitrectomy, macrophages were observed on the surface of retinal pigment epithelium and disorganized outer segments. This finding seems to be produced by vitrectomy procedure rather than drug toxicity. These results supports the hypothesis that the injection of these combinations is not toxic to aphakic/vitrectomized eyes.
Amikacin ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Decision Making ; Dexamethasone* ; Diagnosis ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Emergencies ; Endophthalmitis ; Intravitreal Injections ; Macrophages ; Rabbits ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium ; Steroids ; Vancomycin ; Vitrectomy*

A 73-year-old woman underwent vitrectomy and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) of the right eye and cataract surgery with IVTA of the left eye, for bilateral diabetic macular edema. The patient presented with visual loss in both eyes three-months postoperatively. The fundoscopic examination revealed white-yellow, necrotic peripheral lesions in the superotemporal quadrant of both eyes. Although bilateral acute retinal necrosis was suspected, azotemia resulting from diabetic nephropathy limited the use of acyclovir. Antiviral treatment was not started. A sample of the aqueous humor for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was obtained. One week later, the PCR results indicated the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Since the retinal lesions did not progress and did not threaten the macula, the patient was followed without treatment for CMV. The retinal lesions progressively regressed and completely resolved in both eyes by six months of follow-up. Patients with IVTA-induced CMV retinitis may not require systemic treatment with ganciclovir.
Aged ; Cataract Extraction ; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/*etiology ; Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Opportunistic Infections/*etiology ; Remission, Spontaneous ; Steroids/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Triamcinolone Acetonide/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Vitrectomy

A 58-year-old man admitted to our opthalmology department with the complaint of branch retinal vein occlusion. He was treated with intravitreal Ozurdex in the right eye. Two days after the injection, the patient presented with ocular pain and the visual acuity was hand movement. A diagnosis of endophthalmitis was made. We performed emergent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and the implant was removed from the vitreous cavity using a retinal forceps. A combination of vancomycin 1.0 mg and amikacin 0.4 mg was injected intravitreally. However, because of the blurring in the vitreus one week after the procedure, phacoemulsification and a repeat PPV was performed. Five days after the last procedure the signs and symptoms of endophthalmitis were resolved. Our case demonstrated that endophthalmitis could develop after intravitreal implantation of Ozurdex. Surgical removal of the implant and immediate vitrectomy seems to be a useful treatment option in these cases.
Device Removal/methods ; Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Drug Implants/*adverse effects ; Endophthalmitis/diagnosis/*etiology/surgery ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/diagnosis/*etiology/surgery ; Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections/adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retinal Vein Occlusion/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Vitrectomy

A 56-year-old man presented with anterior chamber inflammation, increased intraocular pressure, peripheral retinal infiltration, and generalized retinal arterial obstruction suggesting acute retinal necrosis five months after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection (IVTA). He was treated with intravenous antiviral agents and aspirin. Shortly after treatment, retinal infiltrations were resolved, and partial recanalization of the obstructed vessel was observed. Viral retinitis may occur as an opportunistic infection following IVTA due to the local immune modulatory effect of the steroid; hence, close observation following IVTA is necessary.
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Aspirin/therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Opportunistic Infections/*chemically induced/virology ; Retinal Necrosis Syndrome, Acute/*chemically induced/virology ; Triamcinolone Acetonide/administration & dosage/*adverse effects

BACKGROUNDNeovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a refractory disease which is difficult to manage. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection in conjunction with Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation (AGVI) in the management of NVG.

METHODSThis was a retrospective study of patients with NVG in whom AGVI was performed between October 2008 and May 2012. The sample was divided into two groups according to the pretreatment: with adjunctive IVB injection (the IVB group, n = 25 eyes) and without adjunctive IVB injection (the control group, n = 28 eyes). The surgical success rate, number of antiglaucoma medications used, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), postoperative complications, regression, and recurrence of iris neovascularization (NVI) were analyzed between the groups.

RESULTSThe surgical outcomes of the two groups were compared. The complete success rates in the IVB and control groups were 84.0% and 64.3% at 12 months and 80.0% and 53.6% at 18 months, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.041). Mean postoperative intraocular pressures, mean number of postoperative antiglaucoma medications, and BCVA were not significant between the two groups. The NVI in 22 (88.0%) eyes had completely regressed within 2 - 8 days after IVB. However, NVI recurred in 10 eyes (40.0%) 2 - 9 months later after IVB. The IVB group had only 1 case (4.0%) of hyphema out of 25 eyes, while there were 8 (28.6%) cases of hyphema out of 28 eyes in the control group (P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONSThis study showed that preoperative IVB injection reduced NVI remarkably, decreased hyphema, and led to higher surgical success rates. Pre-operative IVB injection may be an effective adjunct to AGVI in the management of NVG.

Adult ; Aged ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; administration & dosage ; Bevacizumab ; Female ; Glaucoma Drainage Implants ; adverse effects ; Glaucoma, Neovascular ; therapy ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Intravitreal Injections ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prosthesis Implantation ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Visual Acuity

No abstract available.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Bevacizumab/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemangioma, Capillary/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Male ; Photochemotherapy/*adverse effects ; Retina/*pathology ; Retinal Detachment/*chemically induced/diagnosis ; Retinal Neoplasms/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Time Factors ; Young Adult

A 54-year-old male patient was seen in clinic for ocular pain and decreased vision in the right eye with duration of two days. He underwent a cataract operation for his right eye 12 years ago, then a sclera-fixated secondary intraocular implantation and pars plana vitrectomy three years ago due to intraocular lens dislocation. At the initial visit, his visual acuity was restricted to the perception of hand motion. An edematous cornea, cells, flare with hypopyon, and exposed suture material at were observed at the six o'clock direction by slit lamp. Vitreous opacity was noted from B-scan ultrasonography. The patient was diagnosed with late-onset endophthalmitis and an intravitreal cocktail injection was done. On the next day, the hypopyon was aggravated, and therefore a pars plana vitrectomy was performed. A vitreous culture tested positive for Citrobacter koseri. After 12 weeks, the best corrected visual acuity of the right eye improved to 0.7 and a fundus examination revealed a relatively normal optic disc and retinal vasculature. We herein report the first case of endophthalmitis caused by Citrobacter koseri in Korea. Exposed suture material was suspected as the source of infection in this case and prompt surgical intervention resulted in a relatively good visual outcome.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage ; Cataract Extraction/adverse effects ; Citrobacter koseri/*isolation & purification ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Endophthalmitis/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Enterobacteriaceae Infections/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular/*adverse effects ; Male ; Microscopy, Acoustic ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Wound Infection/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Sutures/adverse effects/microbiology ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Vitreous Body/*microbiology

We report a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. A 61-year-old woman with diabetic macular edema developed dense vitritis and necrotizing retinitis 3 weeks after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. A diagnostic vitrectomy was performed. The undiluted vitreous sample acquired by vitrectomy was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and culture. Polymerase chain reaction of the vitreous was positive for CMV DNA. Other laboratory results did not show evidence of other infectious retinitis and systemic immune dysfunction. Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies were also negative. After systemic administration of ganciclovir, retinitis has resolved and there has been no recurrence of retinitis during the follow-up period of 12 months. Ophthalmologists should be aware of potential risk for CMV retinitis after intravitreal bevacizumab injection.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Cytomegalovirus/genetics ; Cytomegalovirus Retinitis/diagnosis/*etiology/immunology ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Immunocompetence/*drug effects ; Intravitreal Injections ; Macular Edema/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of systemic adverse events in patients treated with intravitreal injections of bevacizumab or ranibizumab, and to evaluate whether compared to ranibizumab administration, bevacizumab constitutes a higher risk for systemic adverse events. A retrospective review was conducted for 916 consecutive patients treated with at least 1 intravitreal injection of bevacizumab or ranibizumab. Cox regression was performed to assess whether a variable had predictive value for occurrence of new systemic adverse events and to account for different follow-up times. A total of 702 patients were analyzed; 503 patients received bevacizumab alone, and 199 patients received ranibizumab alone. Systemic adverse events occurred in 10 of 702 patients (1.4%): 7 in the bevacizumab group (7/503; 1.4%) and 3 in the ranibizumab group (3/199; 1.5%). This difference was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.573). Cox proportional hazards analysis of 4 models did not reveal a covariate that significantly changed the hazard for systemic adverse events. In conclusion, compared to ranibizumab, bevacizumab may not increase the risk of systemic adverse events in patients receiving intravitreal injections.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Cerebral Infarction/etiology ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; *Intravitreal Injections ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocardial Infarction/etiology ; Odds Ratio ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retinal Diseases/drug therapy ; Retrospective Studies

No abstract available.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Bevacizumab/*therapeutic use ; Choroid/*blood supply ; Ciliary Arteries/pathology ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Humans ; Intravitreal Injections ; Ischemia/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Male ; Meningeal Neoplasms/surgery ; Meningioma/surgery ; Neurosurgical Procedures/*adverse effects ; Retinal Detachment/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Subretinal Fluid ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors ; Visual Acuity/physiology ; Young Adult